<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?><?xml-stylesheet href="http://www.blogger.com/styles/atom.css" type="text/css"?><feed xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom' xmlns:openSearch='http://a9.com/-/spec/opensearchrss/1.0/' xmlns:georss='http://www.georss.org/georss' xmlns:gd='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005' xmlns:thr='http://purl.org/syndication/thread/1.0'><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2969120026515649609</id><updated>2012-02-12T02:23:22.930-08:00</updated><title type='text'>CLIMATE CHANGE NOW- CAMBIO CLIMATICO AHORA</title><subtitle type='html'>Compilación informativa sobre el cambio climático y la CTH -
Compilation of information about the climatic change and the and THC</subtitle><link rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#feed' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://climaticchangenow.blogspot.com/feeds/posts/default'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2969120026515649609/posts/default?max-results=100'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://climaticchangenow.blogspot.com/'/><link rel='hub' href='http://pubsubhubbub.appspot.com/'/><link rel='next' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2969120026515649609/posts/default?start-index=101&amp;max-results=100'/><author><name>Raymond Yeats</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/02830521344975824191</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><generator version='7.00' uri='http://www.blogger.com'>Blogger</generator><openSearch:totalResults>218</openSearch:totalResults><openSearch:startIndex>1</openSearch:startIndex><openSearch:itemsPerPage>100</openSearch:itemsPerPage><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2969120026515649609.post-763724638944883173</id><published>2012-02-09T11:23:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2012-02-09T11:23:13.870-08:00</updated><title type='text'>Riesgo de cambios abruptos o irreversibles</title><content type='html'>IPCC&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="indparagraph" style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 20px; margin-top: 20px;"&gt;El calentamiento antropógeno podría dar lugar a efectos abruptos o irreversibles, en función de la tasa y magnitud del cambio climático proyectado.&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class="syrreflist" style="font-size: 10px; font-style: italic; font-weight: normal;"&gt;{GTII&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg2/en/ch12s12-6.html" style="color: #a20942; padding-left: 0px;" title="Case studies"&gt;12.6&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg2/en/ch19s19-3.html" style="color: #a20942; padding-left: 0px;" title="Identification and assessment of key vulnerabilities"&gt;19.3&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg2/en/ch19s19-4.html" style="color: #a20942; padding-left: 0px;" title="Assessment of response strategies to avoid key vulnerabilities"&gt;19.4&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg2/es/spm.html" style="color: #a20942; padding-left: 0px;" title="Resumen para responsables de políticas"&gt;RRP&lt;/a&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 20px; margin-top: 20px;"&gt;A escalas de tiempo decenales, se suele considerar que un cambio climático abrupto está asociado a cambios en la circulación oceánica. Además, a escalas de tiempo superiores, los cambios del manto de hielo y de los ecosistemas podrían desempeñar también algún papel. Si llegase a acaecer un cambio climático abrupto en gran escala, sus efectos podrían ser de gran magnitud (véase el Tema 5.2).&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class="syrreflist" style="font-size: 10px; font-style: italic;"&gt;{GTI&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg1/en/ch8s8-7.html" style="color: #a20942; padding-left: 0px;" title="Mechanisms Producing Thresholds and Abrupt Climate Change"&gt;8.7&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg1/en/ch10s10-3.html" style="color: #a20942; padding-left: 0px;" title="Projected Changes in the Physical Climate System"&gt;10.3&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg1/en/ch10s10-7.html" style="color: #a20942; padding-left: 0px;" title="Long Term Climate Change and Commitment"&gt;10.7&lt;/a&gt;; GTII&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg2/en/ch4s4-4.html" style="color: #a20942; padding-left: 0px;" title="Key future impacts and vulnerabilities"&gt;4.4&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg2/en/ch19s19-3.html" style="color: #a20942; padding-left: 0px;" title="Identification and assessment of key vulnerabilities"&gt;19.3&lt;/a&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 20px; margin-top: 20px;"&gt;La pérdida parcial de los mantos de hielo en tierras polares y/o la dilatación térmica del agua marina podría ocasionar, a escalas de tiempo muy prolongadas, aumentos de nivel del mar de varios metros, importantes alteraciones de las líneas costeras e inundaciones en extensiones bajas, y sus efectos serían máximos en los deltas pluviales e islas bajas. Los modelos actuales indican que esos cambios tendrían lugar en escalas de tiempo muy prolongadas (milenios) si subsistiera un aumento de la temperatura mundial de entre 1,9 y 4,6°C (con respecto a la era preindustrial). No hay que excluir aumentos rápidos de nivel del mar a escalas de tiempo seculares.&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class="syrreflist" style="font-size: 10px; font-style: italic;"&gt;{IDS&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/syr/es/mains3-2-3.html" style="color: #a20942; padding-left: 0px;" title="Cambios posteriores al siglo XXI"&gt;3.2.3&lt;/a&gt;; GTI&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg1/en/ch6s6-4.html" style="color: #a20942; padding-left: 0px;" title="Glacial-Interglacial Variability and Dynamics"&gt;6.4&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg1/en/ch10s10-7.html" style="color: #a20942; padding-left: 0px;" title="Long Term Climate Change and Commitment"&gt;10.7&lt;/a&gt;; GTII&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg2/en/ch19s19-3.html" style="color: #a20942; padding-left: 0px;" title="Identification and assessment of key vulnerabilities"&gt;19.3&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg2/es/spm.html" style="color: #a20942; padding-left: 0px;" title="Resumen para responsables de políticas"&gt;RRP&lt;/a&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 20px; margin-top: 20px;"&gt;El cambio climático acarreará&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class="bi" style="font-style: italic;"&gt;probablemente&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;algunos efectos irreversibles. Con un&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class="bi" style="font-style: italic;"&gt;grado de confianza medio&lt;/span&gt;, entre un 20% y un 30% aproximadamente de las especies estudiadas hasta la fecha estarían&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class="bi" style="font-style: italic;"&gt;probablemente&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;expuestas a un mayor riesgo de extinción si el aumento del calentamiento mundial excediese, en promedio, de entre 1,5 y 2,5°C (respecto del período 1980-1999). De sobrepasar los 3,5°C, proyecciones de los modelos predicen un nivel de extinciones cuantioso (entre un 40% y un 70% de las especies con- sideradas) en todo el mundo.&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class="syrreflist" style="font-size: 10px; font-style: italic;"&gt;{GTII&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg2/en/ch4s4-4.html" style="color: #a20942; padding-left: 0px;" title="Key future impacts and vulnerabilities"&gt;4.4&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg2/es/figure-spm-2.html" style="color: #a20942; padding-left: 0px;" title="Ejemplos ilustrativos de los impactos mundiales de los cambios climáticos previstos (y el dióxido..."&gt;Figura RRP.2&lt;/a&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 20px; margin-top: 20px;"&gt;Las actuales simulaciones mediante modelos indican que es&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class="bi" style="font-style: italic;"&gt;muy probable&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;que la circulación de renuevo meridional (CRM) del Océano Atlántico se desacelere durante el siglo XXI; las temperaturas de esa región, pese a todo, aumentarían.&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class="bi" style="font-style: italic;"&gt;Es muy improbable&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;que la CRM experimente una fuerte transición abrupta durante el siglo XXI. No es posible evaluar con un grado de confianza suficiente los cambios de la CRM a más largo plazo.&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class="syrreflist" style="font-size: 10px; font-style: italic;"&gt;{GTI&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg1/en/ch10s10-3.html" style="color: #a20942; padding-left: 0px;" title="Projected Changes in the Physical Climate System"&gt;10.3&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg1/en/ch10s10-7.html" style="color: #a20942; padding-left: 0px;" title="Long Term Climate Change and Commitment"&gt;10.7&lt;/a&gt;; GTII Figura,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg2/es/tssts-5.html#table-ts-5" style="color: #a20942; padding-left: 0px;" title="- Exemples d’effets potentiels du changement climatique dus à des évènements météorologiques et..."&gt;Tabla RT.5&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg2/es/spmsspm-2.html" style="color: #a20942; padding-left: 0px;" title="al Cuarto Informe de Evaluación"&gt;RRP.2&lt;/a&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 20px; margin-top: 20px;"&gt;Los impactos de gran escala y los cambios persistentes de la CRM alterarán&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class="bi" style="font-style: italic;"&gt;probablemente&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;la productividad de los ecosistemas marinos, las pesquerías, la incorporación de CO&lt;sub style="height: 0px; line-height: 1; position: relative; top: 0.5ex; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;&amp;nbsp;por el océano, las concentraciones de oxígeno en el océano y la vegetación terrestre. Las alteraciones de la incorporación de CO&lt;sub style="height: 0px; line-height: 1; position: relative; top: 0.5ex; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;&amp;nbsp;por la tierra y por el océano podrían producir un retroefecto sobre el sistema climático.&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class="syrreflist" style="font-size: 10px; font-style: italic;"&gt;{GTII&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg2/en/ch12s12-6.html" style="color: #a20942; padding-left: 0px;" title="Case studies"&gt;12.6&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg2/en/ch19s19-3.html" style="color: #a20942; padding-left: 0px;" title="Identification and assessment of key vulnerabilities"&gt;19.3&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg2/es/figure-spm-2.html" style="color: #a20942; padding-left: 0px;" title="Ejemplos ilustrativos de los impactos mundiales de los cambios climáticos previstos (y el dióxido..."&gt;Figura RRP.2&lt;/a&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2969120026515649609-763724638944883173?l=climaticchangenow.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://climaticchangenow.blogspot.com/feeds/763724638944883173/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://climaticchangenow.blogspot.com/2012/02/riesgo-de-cambios-abruptos-o.html#comment-form' title='0 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2969120026515649609/posts/default/763724638944883173'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2969120026515649609/posts/default/763724638944883173'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://climaticchangenow.blogspot.com/2012/02/riesgo-de-cambios-abruptos-o.html' title='Riesgo de cambios abruptos o irreversibles'/><author><name>Raymond Yeats</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/02830521344975824191</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2969120026515649609.post-8088803026660827755</id><published>2012-02-08T12:50:00.001-08:00</published><updated>2012-02-08T12:50:16.276-08:00</updated><title type='text'>NASA Finds Russian Runoff Freshening Canadian Arctic</title><content type='html'>&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-9nKnkVij9CI/TzLfFG_yF8I/AAAAAAAAAfo/lJ_7mG-E3gg/s1600/earthA20120104-640.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="175" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-9nKnkVij9CI/TzLfFG_yF8I/AAAAAAAAAfo/lJ_7mG-E3gg/s320/earthA20120104-640.jpg" width="320" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: white; color: #4b5c68; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; line-height: 14px; text-align: left;"&gt;Increasing freshwater on the U.S. and Canadian side of the Arctic from 2005 to 2008 is balanced by decreasing freshwater on the Russian side, so that on average the Arctic did not have more freshwater. Here blue represents maximum freshwater increases and the yellows and oranges represent maximum freshwater decreases. Credit: University of Washington&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/images/earth/20120104/earthA20120104-full.jpg" style="background-color: white; color: #275ec3; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; line-height: 14px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;"&gt;› Larger view&lt;/a&gt; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: blue; font-size: large;"&gt;NASA&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="bold" style="background-color: white; color: #4b5c68; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 0.8em; font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-top: 1em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: left;"&gt;January 04, 2012&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-color: white; color: #4b5c68; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 0.8em; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-top: 1em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: left;"&gt;PASADENA, Calif. - A new NASA and University of Washington study allays concerns that melting Arctic sea ice could be increasing the amount of freshwater in the Arctic enough to have an impact on the global "ocean conveyor belt" that redistributes heat around our planet.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Lead author and oceanographer Jamie Morison of the University of Washington's Applied Physics Laboratory in Seattle, and his team, detected a previously unknown redistribution of freshwater during the past decade from the Eurasian half of the Arctic Ocean to the Canadian half. Yet despite the redistribution, they found no change in the net amount of freshwater in the Arctic that might signal a change in the conveyor belt.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The team attributes the redistribution to an eastward shift in the path of Russian runoff through the Arctic Ocean, which is tied to an increase in the strength of the Northern Hemisphere's west-to-east atmospheric circulation, known as the Arctic Oscillation. The resulting counterclockwise winds changed the direction of ocean circulation, diverting upper-ocean freshwater from Russian rivers away from the Arctic's Eurasian Basin, between Russia and Greenland, to the Beaufort Sea in the Canada Basin bordered by the United States and Canada. The stronger Arctic Oscillation is associated with two decades of reduced atmospheric pressure over the Russian side of the Arctic. Results of the NASA- and National Science Foundation-funded study are published Jan. 5 in the journal Nature.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Between 2003 and 2008, the resulting redistribution of freshwater was equivalent to adding 10 feet (3 meters) of freshwater over the central Beaufort Sea.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The freshwater changes were seen between 2005 and 2008 by combining ocean bottom pressure, or mass, data from NASA's Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment satellites with ocean height data from NASA's ICESat satellite. By calculating the difference between the two sets of measurements, the team was able to map changes in freshwater content over the entire Arctic Ocean, including regions where direct water sample measurements are not available.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;"Knowing the pathways of freshwater is important to understanding global climate because freshwater protects sea ice by helping create a strongly stratified cold layer between the ice and warmer, saltier water below that comes into the Arctic from the Atlantic Ocean," said Morison. "The reduction in freshwater entering the Eurasian Basin resulting from the Arctic Oscillation change could contribute to sea ice declines in that part of the Arctic."&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;"Changes in the volume and extent of Arctic sea ice in recent years have focused attention on melting ice," said co-author and senior research scientist Ron Kwok of NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, Calif., which manages Grace for NASA. "The Grace and ICESat data allow us to now examine the impacts of widespread changes in ocean circulation."&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Kwok said on whole, Arctic Ocean salinity is similar to what it was in the past, but the Eurasian Basin has become more saline, and the Canada Basin has freshened. In the Beaufort Sea, the water is the freshest it's been in 50 years of record keeping, with only a tiny fraction of that freshwater originating from melting ice and the vast majority coming from Russian river water.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The Beaufort Sea stores more freshwater when an atmospheric pressure system called the Beaufort High strengthens, driving a counterclockwise wind pattern. Consequently, it has been argued that the primary cause of freshening is a strengthening of the Beaufort High, but salinity began to decline early in the 1990s, when the Beaufort High relaxed and the counterclockwise Arctic Oscillation pattern increased.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;"We discovered a pathway that allows Russian river runoff to feed the Beaufort gyre," Kwok said. "The Beaufort High is important, but so are the hemispheric-scale effects of the Arctic Oscillation."&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;"To better understand climate-related changes in sea ice and the Arctic overall, climate models need to more accurately represent the Arctic Oscillation's low pressure and counterclockwise circulation on the Russian side of the Arctic Ocean," Morison added.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;For more on Grace and ICESat, visit:&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.csr.utexas.edu/grace/" style="color: #275ec3; text-decoration: none;"&gt;http://www.csr.utexas.edu/grace/&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://grace.jpl.nasa.gov/" style="color: #275ec3; text-decoration: none;"&gt;http://grace.jpl.nasa.gov/&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;strong&gt;,&lt;/strong&gt;&amp;nbsp;and&lt;a href="http://icesat.gsfc.nasa.gov/icesat/" style="color: #275ec3; text-decoration: none;"&gt;http://icesat.gsfc.nasa.gov/icesat/&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;JPL is managed for NASA by the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: white; color: #4b5c68; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; text-align: left;"&gt;Alan Buis 818-354-0474&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: white; color: #4b5c68; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; text-align: left;"&gt;Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, Calif.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: white; color: #4b5c68; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; text-align: left;"&gt;Alan.buis@jpl.nasa.gov&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: white; color: #4b5c68; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; text-align: left;"&gt;Sandra Hines 206-543-2580&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: white; color: #4b5c68; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; text-align: left;"&gt;University of Washington, Seattle&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: white; color: #4b5c68; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; text-align: left;"&gt;shines@uw.edu&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: white; color: #4b5c68; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; text-align: left;"&gt;2012-002&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2969120026515649609-8088803026660827755?l=climaticchangenow.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://climaticchangenow.blogspot.com/feeds/8088803026660827755/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://climaticchangenow.blogspot.com/2012/02/nasa-finds-russian-runoff-freshening_08.html#comment-form' title='0 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2969120026515649609/posts/default/8088803026660827755'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2969120026515649609/posts/default/8088803026660827755'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://climaticchangenow.blogspot.com/2012/02/nasa-finds-russian-runoff-freshening_08.html' title='NASA Finds Russian Runoff Freshening Canadian Arctic'/><author><name>Raymond Yeats</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/02830521344975824191</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-9nKnkVij9CI/TzLfFG_yF8I/AAAAAAAAAfo/lJ_7mG-E3gg/s72-c/earthA20120104-640.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2969120026515649609.post-2632248091579763826</id><published>2012-02-06T00:23:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2012-02-06T00:23:55.586-08:00</updated><title type='text'>El frío dispara las muertes en Italia y congela los vuelos en Heathrow</title><content type='html'>&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-0-0BVd1Bs_o/Ty-NXo-rUqI/AAAAAAAAAfg/pR5nH4v1LlE/s1600/frio.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="256px" sda="true" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-0-0BVd1Bs_o/Ty-NXo-rUqI/AAAAAAAAAfg/pR5nH4v1LlE/s320/frio.jpg" width="320px" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="color: blue; font-size: large;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;EL PAIS&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;. 5/02/2012&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;La ola de frío siberiano no ha echado el freno y sigue su avance a marchas forzadas hacia la franja occidental de Europa. La cifra de muertos por el primer arreón del temporal en el este del continente sobrepasa ya con creces los 250, la mayoría en Ucrania, donde temperaturas de hasta 33 grados bajo cero han causado la muerte de más de 120 personas, muchas de ellas en la calle por congelación o hipotermia. El fallecimiento de otras ocho personas eleva a más de medio centenar los muertos en Polonia; mientras que el balance de víctimas en Rusia alcanza los 60, en Bulgaría, 16, en Hungría, 6, y al menos 34 en Rumania, donde la lluvia helada ha empezado a caer sobre el país y las ventas de los comercios han experimentado un incremento del 140%, informa Raúl Sánchez Costa.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Con menos agresividad y, sobre todo, menos pérdidas de vidas, el frío se extiende por la Europa occidental e incluso el norte del Magreb. El manto blanco caído durante el fin de semana en Bosnia, con una intensidad sin igual en décadas, ha acumulado en algunas partes del país balcánico hasta dos metros de nieve. La capital, Sarajevo, ha declarado el estado de emergencia, mientras un centenar de localidades permanecen aisladas por el frente de frío. Las autoridades bosnias se han visto obligadas a usar helicópteros para repartir comida o trasladar a los enfermos. En la vecina Serbia, unas 70.000 personas no tienen acceso a los servicios básicos. La nieve caída sobre la costa adriática de Croacia, que ha requerido del Ejército para las labores de limpieza, ha causado la muerte de al menos tres personas.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;18 muertes en Italia&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Más al oeste, el paisaje espectacular que han inmortalizado las cámaras en el corazón del turismo italiano, Roma, nevado hasta la coronilla, no ha aliviado los problemas que el frío está ocasionando en toda Italia. La ola siberiana ha causado la muerte ya de 18 personas en tan solo 48 horas, ha obligado a cortar algunos servicios de transporte y a interrumpir en algunas zonas el suministro eléctrico. Al menos 80.000 familias en el centro y sur del país se encuentran sin luz.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Según el servicio meteorológico de la Aeronáutica Militar italiana las previsiones para este domingo indican nevadas en todo el centro del país en las regiones de Emilia Romagna (que ayer declaró el estado de emergencia), Las Marcas, Umbría, la Toscana y Los Abruzos. Asimismo, la nieve también hará su aparición en la región sureña de Calabria por encima de los 400 metros. Más de 80.000 familias de Lacio, Molise, Campania y Los Abruzos siguen sin suministro eléctrico.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Hasta el momento, se han registrado al menos 18 muertes debido al mal tiempo, entre ellas la de un hombre cuyo cadáver fue localizado en la localidad de Ostia, cercana a Roma, en la misma zona donde ayer murió una mujer de origen ucranio.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;El frío intenso sigue azotando a toda Francia, donde ya han muerto cinco personas en las últimas 48 horas, informa Miguel Mora. Cuatro de ellos eran personas sin techo que no habían querido o podido encontrar refugio. La quinta víctima es un niño de 12 años que el sábado cayó a un estanque helado en la zona de Los Vosgos.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;75 departamentos (provincias) han declarado la alerta naranja por gran frío o por nieve y aguanieve, y la entrada del frente atlántico ha dejado las primeras nevadas del invierno en Normandía. También París, donde hoy el termómetro baja hasta los 5 bajo cero, ha amanecido con un manto blanco de unos cinco centímetros, pero es en el este del país donde se registran las temperaturas más bajas. Los meteorólogos prevén una leve mejoría para esta tarde y un regreso del frío intenso para mañana.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;En algunas zonas del territorio continental ha habido problemas con el suministro de luz y gas, ya que se han registrado los picos más altos de consumo energético en mucho tiempo. Para el lunes está previsto que la compañía EDF alcance un récord histórico de consumo. El ministro de Economía, François Baroin, ha afirmado hoy que “de momento, la situación está bajo control”, aunque ha admitido que en Bretaña y el sudeste del país hay “algunos problemas de red” que podrían implicar una reducción de la potencia eléctrica sin mayor trascendencia.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;En Reino Unido, la nieve ha cubierto de blanco gran parte del país con hasta 16 centímetros de espesor en algunas áreas urbanas. La mitad de los vuelos de Heathrow, el principal aeropuerto europeo, han sido cancelados por el temporal (una decena, por el momento, con salida o destino el aeródromo de El Prat) mientras que el tráfico de trenes y suburbanos ha sufrido también interrupciones. La nevada ha caído con especial intensidad durante el sábado en Escocia, Gales y el norte de Inglaterra. Se espera que el temporal amaine durante el domingo, aunque el servicio meteorológico ha alertado a los ciudadanos de la formación de capas de hielo sobre el piso.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;La ola de frío ha alcanzado en su avance hacia el Oeste también el norte de África dejando una estampa poco habitual. Las copas de las palmeras en Argelia están bañadas del manto blanco que ha formado la nevada caída en las últimas horas, la primera que ven los argelinos en los últimos ocho años.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2969120026515649609-2632248091579763826?l=climaticchangenow.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://climaticchangenow.blogspot.com/feeds/2632248091579763826/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://climaticchangenow.blogspot.com/2012/02/el-frio-dispara-las-muertes-en-italia-y.html#comment-form' title='0 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2969120026515649609/posts/default/2632248091579763826'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2969120026515649609/posts/default/2632248091579763826'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://climaticchangenow.blogspot.com/2012/02/el-frio-dispara-las-muertes-en-italia-y.html' title='El frío dispara las muertes en Italia y congela los vuelos en Heathrow'/><author><name>Raymond Yeats</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/02830521344975824191</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-0-0BVd1Bs_o/Ty-NXo-rUqI/AAAAAAAAAfg/pR5nH4v1LlE/s72-c/frio.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2969120026515649609.post-4529548612021168601</id><published>2012-02-01T10:30:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2012-02-01T10:30:16.812-08:00</updated><title type='text'>Will the Gulf Stream slow down, freezing the UK and northern Europe?</title><content type='html'>&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-0FCZybx7i4I/TymEPaBcOcI/AAAAAAAAAfI/bfMULNbTiqU/s1600/Eddy-in-the-Gulf-Stream-C-007.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="192" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-0FCZybx7i4I/TymEPaBcOcI/AAAAAAAAAfI/bfMULNbTiqU/s320/Eddy-in-the-Gulf-Stream-C-007.jpg" width="320" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: white; color: #666666; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 16px;"&gt;Sunlight shines on a Gulf Stream eddy in the north Atlantic, as seen from space. Photograph: Nasa/Corbis&lt;/span&gt; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: white; color: #666666; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 16px;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="background-color: white; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; border-collapse: collapse; color: #333333; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 13px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;THE GUARDIAN&lt;/div&gt;&lt;ul class="article-attributes b4" style="background-color: white; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; border-bottom-color: rgb(123, 187, 0); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-collapse: collapse; border-left-color: rgb(123, 187, 0); border-right-color: rgb(123, 187, 0); border-top-color: rgb(123, 187, 0); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; color: #333333; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.25; list-style-type: none; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; min-height: 66px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 12px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 2px; position: relative;"&gt;&lt;li class="byline" style="background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; border-collapse: collapse; display: block; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: visible; overflow-y: visible; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;div class="contributer-full" style="background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; border-collapse: collapse; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;Extract from&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.roughguides.com/website/shop/products/Climate-Change.aspx" style="background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; border-collapse: collapse; color: #005689; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;"&gt;The Rough Guide to Climate Change&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="publication" style="background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; border-collapse: collapse; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/" style="background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; border-collapse: collapse; color: #005689; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;guardian.co.uk&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;time datetime="2011-03-29T14:49BST" pubdate="" style="background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; border-collapse: collapse; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;Tuesday 29 March 2011 14.49 BST&lt;/time&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="history" style="background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; border-collapse: collapse; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;a class="rollover history-link" href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2011/mar/29/climate-gulf-stream-atlantic-drift-thermohaline#history-link-box" style="background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; border-collapse: collapse; color: #005689; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;"&gt;Article history&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;div style="background-color: white; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; border-collapse: collapse; color: #333333; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 13px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;The Gulf Stream and North Atlantic Drift – which are part of the Atlantic thermohaline circulation – bring warm water, and with it warm air, from the tropical Atlantic to northern Europe. This helps keep the UK several degrees warmer than it would otherwise be.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-color: white; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; border-collapse: collapse; color: #333333; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 13px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;Although this system is unlikely to pack up entirely, the IPCC deems a slowdown of it "very likely" over the next century. The reason is that increasing rainfall and snow-melt across the Arctic and nearby land areas could send more freshwater into the north Atlantic, pinching off part of the warm current. The best guess from the most sophisticated computer models is that the circulation might slow by 10% to 50% over the next century, if greenhouse gas emissions continue unabated. If this happens, the expected climate warming might be nearly erased across the United Kingdom and diminished across many other parts of Europe. However, summers could still be warmer and more drought-prone across the UK and Europe than they are now.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-color: white; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; border-collapse: collapse; color: #333333; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 13px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;In any case, the impacts would be much smaller – and would take much longer to play out – than the scenario dramatised in the film&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://trailers.apple.com/trailers/fox/dayaftertomorrow" style="background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; border-collapse: collapse; color: #005689; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;"&gt;The Day After Tomorrow&lt;/a&gt;. Although evidence shows that the thermohaline circulation has ground to a halt more than once in climate history, it's believed that this process takes at least a few years to play out, and sometimes many decades, rather than the few days portrayed in the film.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-color: white; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; border-collapse: collapse; color: #333333; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 13px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;em style="background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; border-collapse: collapse; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;This is an extract from&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.roughguides.com/website/shop/products/Climate-Change.aspx" style="background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; border-collapse: collapse; color: #005689; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;"&gt;The Rough Guide to Climate Change&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;by&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/profile/robert-henson" style="background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; border-collapse: collapse; color: #005689; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;"&gt;Robert Henson&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2969120026515649609-4529548612021168601?l=climaticchangenow.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://climaticchangenow.blogspot.com/feeds/4529548612021168601/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://climaticchangenow.blogspot.com/2012/02/will-gulf-stream-slow-down-freezing-uk.html#comment-form' title='0 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2969120026515649609/posts/default/4529548612021168601'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2969120026515649609/posts/default/4529548612021168601'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://climaticchangenow.blogspot.com/2012/02/will-gulf-stream-slow-down-freezing-uk.html' title='Will the Gulf Stream slow down, freezing the UK and northern Europe?'/><author><name>Raymond Yeats</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/02830521344975824191</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-0FCZybx7i4I/TymEPaBcOcI/AAAAAAAAAfI/bfMULNbTiqU/s72-c/Eddy-in-the-Gulf-Stream-C-007.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2969120026515649609.post-6086871909683141521</id><published>2012-01-27T01:18:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2012-01-27T01:20:58.206-08:00</updated><title type='text'>¿CUANTA AGUA DULCE SE HA AÑADIDO AL ATLANTICO NORTE EN DECADAS RECIENTES?</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif;"&gt;El contínuo endulzamiento del Atlántico Norte ralentizará el Transportador durante el siglo 21&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif;"&gt;Por :&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style="color: #274e13;"&gt;Ruth Curry del Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;) &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #274e13; font-family: Georgia, &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Cecilie Mauritzen del Norwegian Meteorological Institute&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif;"&gt;Desde finales de la década de los 60 grandes regiones del Atlántico Norte se han ido renovando con el deshielo de los glaciares así como con el incremento de las precipitaciones, ambos hechos asociados con el Calentamiento Global. En el mismo período de tiempo, los registros de salinidad muestran que una gran cantidad de hielo marino extra y agua dulce del Artico han fluido al Atlántico Norte. Pero, hasta ahora no se conocían las cantidades reales y la proporción de acumulación de agua dulce.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif;"&gt;En un artículo publicado el 17 de Junio en Science, Ruth Curry del Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI) y Cecilie Mauritzen del Norwegian Meteorological Institute han cuantificado por vez primera cuanta augua dulce adicional han causado los cambios en la salinidad observados en el Atlántico Norte, como concierne ello a la circulación atlántica y donde se ha almacenado el agua dulce. Ellas han descubierto que los patrones de acumulación de agua fresca en las cuatro décadas de finales del siglo XX sugieren que en un siglo podría darse un freno en la Banda Transportadora Atlántica que transfiere calor al Atlántico Norte, aunque el futuro impacto del Calentamiento Global y de la fusión de los glaciares invitan a la cautela en estas previsiones.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif;"&gt;Curry y Mauritzen analizaron los datos recogidos en el Atlántico Norte, entre Labrador, Groelandia y el norte de Europa durante 55 años para mostrar los cambios de temperatura, salinidad y densidad que se han sucedido. Estimaron, para períodos de cinco años consecutivos, cuanta agua dulce hubo de añadirse o quitarse para dar cuenta de los cambios de salinidad observados desde 1953 hasta el año 2002. Hicieron un mapa de distribución del agua dulce, capa por capa, para determinar donde estaba aumentando y como afectaba ello a la densidad del océano. Y entonces usaron las proporciones encontradas para calcular cuanto se tardaría en alcanzar los umbrales que afectarian a la parte de la circulación oceánica conducida por la densidad. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif;"&gt;En un año medio, cerca de 5.000 kilometers (km) cúbicos de agua dulce fluyen desde el Artico hasta el Atlántico Norte a traves de pasadizos al este y oeste de Groelandia. Las investigadoras estimaron que unos 19.000 Km cúbicos adicionales se añadieron y diluyeron en el Atlántico Norte durante el período 1965-1995. La mitad de ellos entró en el sistema a finales de los 60 elevando la cantidad a 7.000 Km3 al año, e incrementando un 40% el flujo de agua dulce. Como comparación, el caudal de salida del Mississippi es de 5.000 Km3 al año mientras el Amazonas descarga de 5.000 a 6.000 Km3 anualmente.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif;"&gt;Curry encontró que en los años 50 e inicios de los 60, los registros muestran que la salinidad aumenta en las cubetas subpolares mientras que el atlántico norte los cambios eran realmente pequeños. Sin embargo, entre 1970 y 1995 en ambas área crece la cantidad de agua dulce. El evento más llamativo del período ocurre al principio de la década de los 70 y es conocido como “Gran Anomalia de la Salinidad”. A finales de los 60 una fuerte llegada de agua dulce entra en los mares nórdicos y mueve la Corriente de Groelandia Oriental hacia el Sur. Este evento contribuye con 10.000 Km3 de agua dulce nueva que se mezcló entre Labrador y la Cubeta de Iminger, moviéndose a profundidades medias alrededor del Atlántico Norte. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif;"&gt;Diversas avenidas de agua dulce y hielo parecen llegar desde el Artico en la década de los 80 y 90. Alrededor del 80% de los 19.000 km3 de agua dulce nueva volcada al Atlántico Norte entre 1965 y 1995 se ha depositado en las cubetas subpolares con una superficie dos veces mayor que el mar nórdico. La cantidad de agua dulce involucrada sería el equivalente a una capa de tres metros cubriendo uniformemente el área de las cubetas subsolares y una de 1,8 metros cubriendo el mar nórdico. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif;"&gt;El Mar Nordico ( localizado entre Islandia, Groelandia y Noruega ) ,el Labrador y la cubeta de Irminger son lugares donde se forman aguas frías y densas, un componente crítico de la Circulación Meridional ( MOV ) y parte de la cinta transportadora oceánica que lleva las aguas calientes superficiales desde los trópicos hacia el norte. A altas latitudes esta agua superficial se enfría (realizando el intercambio de calor con la atmósfera) y estas aguas densas se hunden y fluyen hacia el sur por el fondo del océano en un proceso que realimenta el movimiento del transportador.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif;"&gt;El intercambio de calor que realiza el transportador contribuye a moderar los inviernos en latitudes altas , especialmente Islas Británicas y Escandinavia.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif;"&gt;Una exceso de agua dulce altera la densidad del océano que conduce una parte de este sistema circulatorio, disminuyendo la cantidad de calor que es llevado hacia el norte, especialmente en áreas significativamente frías del Hemisferio Norte. Curry y Mauritzen indican que los cambios en la salinidad observados hasta la fecha no parecen haber cambiado la circulación oceánica ni el transporte de calor, pero esperan que un continuo endulzamiento del agua afecte al transporte oceánico en los próximos doscientos años.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif;"&gt;“La precipitación y el escurrimiento de los ríos en latitudes altas ha aumentado”, dice Curry. “En la última década, se ha ido acumulando agua dulce en el Atlántico Norte, que es crítico en el transporte oceánico, y esto es algo que hay que tener en cuenta. El hielo de Groelandia es una espada de Damocles(*)”, dijo ella. “Esto es una cantidad enorme de agua dulce en contención que, si se fundiera, afectaría a la cabecera del transporte oceánico.”&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif;"&gt;Aproximadamente un tercio del MOV atlántico cruza la cordillera que se extiende de Groelandia a Escocia y que separa el Mar del Norte del Atlántico Norte. El intercambio de aguas entre el norte y el sur de la cordillera es controlado por un contraste entre la densidad oceánica que a profundidades de 200 a 800 m los mares nórdicos son mas densas que en las cubetas subpolares. Si añadimos agua dulce al océano, reducimos su densidad, quitando agua dulce o eliminando su salinidad, incrementamos la densidad. Así, una acumulación de agua dulce en el Mar del Norte hará que disminuya su densidad. El contraste de densidad Norte-Sur descenderá y el flujo que atraviesa la cordillera se ralentizará. Este flujo de agua densa y fria ha sido estrechamente monitorizada durante más una década con una serie de instrumentos sin que se hayan apreciado cambios significativos. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif;"&gt;De los 19.000 Km3 de agua dulce adicional que se diluyeron en el Atlántico norte desde 1960, solamente una pequeña cantidad ( unos 4.000 km3 ) permanecen en el Mar del Norte y solo unos 2.500 Km3 permanecen en la capa crítica que alimenta el flujo sobre la cordillera de separación. Esta es la razón, según Curry, de que el endulzamiento no ha retardado todavía el flujo de agua. A la proporción observada, pues, haría falta un siglo para llegar a la cantidad crítica necesaria para ralentizar el flujo sobre la cordillera Groelandia-Escocia ( sobre unos 9.000 km3 según el estudio ) y cerca de dos para que la continua dilución lo parara. Las investigadoras concluyen que un cambio abrupto en la circulación oceánica no parece inminente. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif;"&gt;Curry apunta que las incertidumbres permanecen al evaluar la posibilidad de interrupciones de la circulación , incluyendo futuros ratios del calentamiento global y deshielo. Muchas simulaciones por ordenador del calentamiento global, muestran incrementos de la precipitación y del escorrentio de los ríos en latitudes altas que llevan a un retardo del transporte Atlántico. Sólo un modelo de estudio disponible, asimismo, contiene una descripción de la interactividad con el hielo de Groelandia. El estancamiento del agua de deshielo, el derrumbe de una porción de hielo seguido por una ola del movimiento del glaciar o la lubricación de la base del glaciar por la fusión del hielo son todos los mecanismos que podrían inyectar el agua dulce necesaria en las capas críticas del Mar del Norte.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif;"&gt;“Esto, ciertamente, hace que siga teniendo sentido monitorizar el hielo y los cambios atmosféricos conjuntamente”, dice Curry. “Dada la proyección para el siglo 21 en las concentraciones de gases invernaderos y de incremento de agua dulce en el norte oceánico, nosotros no podemos predecir un retardo en el transporte Atlántico en los siguientes 100 años. Quiero enfatizar que nosotras hablamos de acerca de escalas de tiempo en centurias para encontrar cambios en el transporte oceánico a traves de la cordillera Groelandia-Escocia. No sugerimos que la corriente del Golfo vaya a cerrarse.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2969120026515649609-6086871909683141521?l=climaticchangenow.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://climaticchangenow.blogspot.com/feeds/6086871909683141521/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://climaticchangenow.blogspot.com/2012/01/cuanta-agua-dulce-se-ha-anadido-al.html#comment-form' title='0 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2969120026515649609/posts/default/6086871909683141521'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2969120026515649609/posts/default/6086871909683141521'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://climaticchangenow.blogspot.com/2012/01/cuanta-agua-dulce-se-ha-anadido-al.html' title='¿CUANTA AGUA DULCE SE HA AÑADIDO AL ATLANTICO NORTE EN DECADAS RECIENTES?'/><author><name>Raymond Yeats</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/02830521344975824191</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2969120026515649609.post-425854861151050702</id><published>2012-01-27T01:09:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2012-01-27T01:09:51.131-08:00</updated><title type='text'>¿Pequeña Edad de Hielo en vez de calentamiento global?</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif;"&gt;por &lt;span style="color: #cc0000;"&gt;Dr Theodor Landscheidt&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: blue; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Theodor Landscheidt&lt;/strong&gt; (born in 1927 in Bremen, Germany, died on May 20, 2004) was an author, astrologer and amateur climatologist.[1]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: blue; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style="color: blue; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: blue; font-size: x-small;"&gt;In 1989, Landscheidt forecast a period of sunspot minima after 1990, accompanied by increased cold, with a stronger minimum and more intense cold which should peak in 2030, which he described as the "Landscheidt Minimum"&amp;nbsp;. His work on solar cycles is cited by global warming skeptics [3] to argue that observed warming is not anthropogenic and will soon be reversed, based on an assumption that fluctuations in climate are controlled by solar activity.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style="color: blue; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: blue; font-size: x-small;"&gt;In 1983 he founded and financed the Schroeter Institute for Research in Cycles of Solar Activity in Lilienthal, near Bremen. The Institute later moved with him to Nova Scotia, Canada.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style="color: blue; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: blue; font-size: x-small;"&gt;In 2000, Landscheidt was a panelist at Rice University's Baker Institute for Public Policy Global Warming Conference &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif;"&gt;El análisis de la variable actividad solar en los últimos dos mil años indica que, contrariando a las especulaciones del IPCC acerca de un calentamiento global inducido por el hombre de 5,8°C en los próximos cien años, se espera un largo período de clima frío con su pico más frío hacia el año 2030. Se muestra que el mínimo del ciclo Gleissberg de 80 a 90 años de la actividad solar, coincidentes con períodos de climas fríos en la Tierra, están ligados de manera consistente a un ciclo de 83 años en el cambio de la fuerza rotatoria que impulsa el movimiento de rotación del Sol alrededor del centro de masa del sistema solar. Dado que el curso futuro de este ciclo, así como sus amplitudes pueden ser computadas, se puede ver que el mínimo Gleissberg del año 2030 y otro alrededor del 2200, serán del tipo del Mínimo Maunder, acompañados por un severo enfriamiento de la Tierra. Este pronóstico puede ser acertado ya que otros pronósticos a largo plazo del fenómeno climático, basados en el movimiento orbital cíclico del Sol, han resultado ser correctos - como por ejemplo la predicción de los últimos tres eventos de El Niño, años antes de su ocurrencia.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif;"&gt;No necesitamos esperar hasta el 2030 para ver si la predicción del próximo Mínimo Gleissberg es correcta. Mucho antes de alcanzar el punto más bajo del desarrollo, debería hacerse manifiesta una tendencia declinante en la actividad solar y las temperaturas globales. El actual ciclo 23 de manchas solares, con su actividad considerablemente más débil, parece ser la primera indicación de la nueva tendencia, especialmente porque fue pronosticada en base a los ciclos de movimientos del Sol hacen ya dos décadas. En cuanto a la temperatura, sólo los períodos de El Niño deberían interrumpir la tendencia hacia abajo, pero hasta los Niños podrían hacerse menos frecuentes y fuertes.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif;"&gt;Serie de tiempos de los extremos sin suavizar de los cambios en la fuerza rotatoria orbital del Sol dT/dt para los años 1.000 - 2250. Se observa que cada vez que la amplitud de un extremo negativo pasa por debajo del umbral inferior, indicado por la línea horizontal de rayas, esto coincide con un período de actividad solar excepcionalmente débil. Dos extremos negativos consecutivos que trasponen el umbral indican un Gran Mínimo, como los Mínimos Maunder (hacia 1670), Spoerer (1490), Wolf (1320), y Norman (1010), mientras que un único extremo por debajo del umbral va junto a eventos del tipo del Mínimo Dalton (1810 y 1170), no tan severos como los Grandes Mínimos. De manera que los Mínimos Gleissberg del 2030 y 2200 deberían ser del tipo Mínimo Maunder. Como el clima está estrechamente ligado a la actividad solar, las condiciones hacia el 2030 y 2200 deberían acercarse a las del nadir de la Pequeña Edad de Hielo del 1670. Como se explica en el texto, la hipótesis del IPCC de un calentamiento global inducido por el hombre no está en la línea de esta predicción basada exclusivamente en la actividad eruptiva del Sol. Los extraordinarios extremos positivos tienen una función similar en relación a períodos excepcionalmente calientes como el Óptimo Medieval y el período cálido moderno.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2969120026515649609-425854861151050702?l=climaticchangenow.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://climaticchangenow.blogspot.com/feeds/425854861151050702/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://climaticchangenow.blogspot.com/2012/01/pequena-edad-de-hielo-en-vez-de.html#comment-form' title='0 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2969120026515649609/posts/default/425854861151050702'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2969120026515649609/posts/default/425854861151050702'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://climaticchangenow.blogspot.com/2012/01/pequena-edad-de-hielo-en-vez-de.html' title='¿Pequeña Edad de Hielo en vez de calentamiento global?'/><author><name>Raymond Yeats</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/02830521344975824191</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2969120026515649609.post-6836906746955555682</id><published>2012-01-27T00:55:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2012-01-27T00:55:59.458-08:00</updated><title type='text'>Western Arctic Ocean freshwater storage increased by wind-driven spin-up of the Beaufort Gyre</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;Katharine A. Giles, / Seymour W. Laxon, / Andy L. Ridout,/ Duncan J. Wingham / &amp;amp; Sheldon Bacon/ Affiliations Contributions Corresponding author &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;Nature Geoscience (2012) Letter&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;doi:10.1038/ngeo1379 Received 01 March 2011 Accepted 29 December 2011 Published online 22 January 2012 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;The Arctic Ocean’s freshwater budget comprises contributions from river runoff, precipitation, evaporation, sea-ice and exchanges with the North Pacific and Atlantic1. More than 70,000 km3 of freshwater2 are stored in the upper layer of the Arctic Ocean, leading to low salinities in upper-layer Arctic sea water, separated by a strong halocline from warm, saline water beneath. Spatially and temporally limited observations show that the Arctic Ocean’s freshwater content has increased over the past few decades, predominantly in the west3, 4, 5. Models suggest that wind-driven convergence drives freshwater accumulation6. Here we use continuous satellite measurements between 1995 and 2010 to show that the dome in sea surface height associated with the western Arctic Beaufort Gyre has been steepening, indicating spin-up of the gyre. We find that the trend in wind field curl—a measure of spatial gradients in the wind that lead to water convergence or divergence—exhibits a corresponding spatial pattern, suggesting that wind-driven convergence controls freshwater variability. We estimate an increase in freshwater storage of 8,000±2,000 km3 in the western Arctic Ocean, in line with hydrographic observations4, 5, and conclude that a reversal in the wind field could lead to a spin-down of the Beaufort Gyre, and release of this freshwater to the Arctic Ocean.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;Figures at a glance&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-xL0MX9N6L-w/TyJl08kkT9I/AAAAAAAAAes/CQM6g87PxRE/s1600/ngeo1379-f1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" gda="true" height="127px" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-xL0MX9N6L-w/TyJl08kkT9I/AAAAAAAAAes/CQM6g87PxRE/s320/ngeo1379-f1.jpg" width="320px" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2969120026515649609-6836906746955555682?l=climaticchangenow.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://climaticchangenow.blogspot.com/feeds/6836906746955555682/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://climaticchangenow.blogspot.com/2012/01/western-arctic-ocean-freshwater-storage.html#comment-form' title='0 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2969120026515649609/posts/default/6836906746955555682'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2969120026515649609/posts/default/6836906746955555682'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://climaticchangenow.blogspot.com/2012/01/western-arctic-ocean-freshwater-storage.html' title='Western Arctic Ocean freshwater storage increased by wind-driven spin-up of the Beaufort Gyre'/><author><name>Raymond Yeats</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/02830521344975824191</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-xL0MX9N6L-w/TyJl08kkT9I/AAAAAAAAAes/CQM6g87PxRE/s72-c/ngeo1379-f1.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2969120026515649609.post-2640181087016239763</id><published>2012-01-15T10:52:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2012-01-15T10:52:04.504-08:00</updated><title type='text'>NASA Finds Russian Runoff Freshening Canadian Arctic</title><content type='html'>&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #E4E4E4; mso-line-height-alt: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #2e2e2e; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial Narrow&amp;quot;; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"&gt;01.04.12&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #2e2e2e; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial Narrow&amp;quot;; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #E4E4E4; mso-line-height-alt: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #E4E4E4; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #2e2e2e; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial Narrow&amp;quot;; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"&gt;PASADENA, Calif. - A new NASA and University of Washington study allays concerns that melting Arctic sea ice could be increasing the amount of freshwater in the Arctic enough to have an impact on the global "ocean conveyor belt" that redistributes heat around our planet.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #E4E4E4; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #2e2e2e; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial Narrow&amp;quot;; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"&gt;Lead author and oceanographer Jamie Morison of the &lt;/span&gt;&lt;st1:place&gt;&lt;st1:placetype&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #2e2e2e; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial Narrow&amp;quot;; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"&gt;University&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/st1:placetype&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #2e2e2e; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial Narrow&amp;quot;; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"&gt; of &lt;/span&gt;&lt;st1:placename&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #2e2e2e; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial Narrow&amp;quot;; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"&gt;Washington&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/st1:placename&gt;&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #2e2e2e; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial Narrow&amp;quot;; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"&gt;'s Applied Physics Laboratory in &lt;/span&gt;&lt;st1:city&gt;&lt;st1:place&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #2e2e2e; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial Narrow&amp;quot;; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"&gt;Seattle&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:city&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #2e2e2e; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial Narrow&amp;quot;; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"&gt;, and his team, detected a previously unknown redistribution of freshwater during the past decade from the Eurasian half of the &lt;/span&gt;&lt;st1:place&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #2e2e2e; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial Narrow&amp;quot;; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"&gt;Arctic Ocean&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #2e2e2e; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial Narrow&amp;quot;; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"&gt; to the Canadian half. Yet despite the redistribution, they found no change in the net amount of freshwater in the &lt;/span&gt;&lt;st1:place&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #2e2e2e; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial Narrow&amp;quot;; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"&gt;Arctic&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #2e2e2e; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial Narrow&amp;quot;; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"&gt; that might signal a change in the conveyor belt.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #E4E4E4; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #2e2e2e; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial Narrow&amp;quot;; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"&gt;The team attributes the redistribution to an eastward shift in the path of Russian runoff through the &lt;/span&gt;&lt;st1:place&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #2e2e2e; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial Narrow&amp;quot;; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"&gt;Arctic Ocean&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #2e2e2e; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial Narrow&amp;quot;; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"&gt;, which is tied to an increase in the strength of the Northern Hemisphere's west-to-east atmospheric circulation, known as the Arctic Oscillation. The resulting counterclockwise winds changed the direction of ocean circulation, diverting upper-ocean freshwater from Russian rivers away from the &lt;/span&gt;&lt;st1:place&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #2e2e2e; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial Narrow&amp;quot;; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"&gt;Arctic&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #2e2e2e; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial Narrow&amp;quot;; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"&gt;'s &lt;/span&gt;&lt;st1:place&gt;&lt;st1:placename&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #2e2e2e; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial Narrow&amp;quot;; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"&gt;Eurasian&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/st1:placename&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #2e2e2e; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial Narrow&amp;quot;; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;st1:placetype&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #2e2e2e; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial Narrow&amp;quot;; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"&gt;Basin&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/st1:placetype&gt;&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #2e2e2e; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial Narrow&amp;quot;; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"&gt;, between &lt;/span&gt;&lt;st1:country-region&gt;&lt;st1:place&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #2e2e2e; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial Narrow&amp;quot;; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"&gt;Russia&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:country-region&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #2e2e2e; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial Narrow&amp;quot;; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"&gt; and &lt;/span&gt;&lt;st1:place&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #2e2e2e; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial Narrow&amp;quot;; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"&gt;Greenland&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #2e2e2e; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial Narrow&amp;quot;; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"&gt;, to the &lt;/span&gt;&lt;st1:place&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #2e2e2e; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial Narrow&amp;quot;; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"&gt;Beaufort Sea&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #2e2e2e; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial Narrow&amp;quot;; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"&gt; in the &lt;/span&gt;&lt;st1:place&gt;&lt;st1:placename&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #2e2e2e; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial Narrow&amp;quot;; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"&gt;Canada&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/st1:placename&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #2e2e2e; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial Narrow&amp;quot;; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;st1:placetype&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #2e2e2e; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial Narrow&amp;quot;; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"&gt;Basin&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/st1:placetype&gt;&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #2e2e2e; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial Narrow&amp;quot;; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"&gt; bordered by the &lt;/span&gt;&lt;st1:country-region&gt;&lt;st1:place&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #2e2e2e; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial Narrow&amp;quot;; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"&gt;United States&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:country-region&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #2e2e2e; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial Narrow&amp;quot;; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"&gt; and &lt;/span&gt;&lt;st1:country-region&gt;&lt;st1:place&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #2e2e2e; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial Narrow&amp;quot;; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"&gt;Canada&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:country-region&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #2e2e2e; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial Narrow&amp;quot;; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"&gt;. The stronger Arctic Oscillation is associated with two decades of reduced atmospheric pressure over the Russian side of the &lt;/span&gt;&lt;st1:place&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #2e2e2e; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial Narrow&amp;quot;; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"&gt;Arctic&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #2e2e2e; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial Narrow&amp;quot;; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"&gt;. Results of the NASA- and National Science Foundation-funded study are published Jan. 5 in the journal Nature.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #E4E4E4; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #2e2e2e; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial Narrow&amp;quot;; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"&gt;Between 2003 and 2008, the resulting redistribution of freshwater was equivalent to adding 10 feet (3 meters) of freshwater over the central &lt;/span&gt;&lt;st1:place&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #2e2e2e; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial Narrow&amp;quot;; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"&gt;Beaufort Sea&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #2e2e2e; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial Narrow&amp;quot;; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"&gt;.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #E4E4E4; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #2e2e2e; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial Narrow&amp;quot;; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"&gt;The freshwater changes were seen between 2005 and 2008 by combining ocean bottom pressure, or mass, data from NASA's Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment satellites with ocean height data from NASA's ICESat satellite. By calculating the difference between the two sets of measurements, the team was able to map changes in freshwater content over the entire &lt;/span&gt;&lt;st1:place&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #2e2e2e; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial Narrow&amp;quot;; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"&gt;Arctic Ocean&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #2e2e2e; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial Narrow&amp;quot;; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"&gt;, including regions where direct water sample measurements are not available.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #E4E4E4; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #2e2e2e; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial Narrow&amp;quot;; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"&gt;"Knowing the pathways of freshwater is important to understanding global climate because freshwater protects sea ice by helping create a strongly stratified cold layer between the ice and warmer, saltier water below that comes into the &lt;/span&gt;&lt;st1:place&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #2e2e2e; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial Narrow&amp;quot;; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"&gt;Arctic&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #2e2e2e; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial Narrow&amp;quot;; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"&gt; from the &lt;/span&gt;&lt;st1:place&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #2e2e2e; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial Narrow&amp;quot;; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"&gt;Atlantic Ocean&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #2e2e2e; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial Narrow&amp;quot;; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"&gt;," said Morison. "The reduction in freshwater entering the &lt;/span&gt;&lt;st1:place&gt;&lt;st1:placename&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #2e2e2e; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial Narrow&amp;quot;; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"&gt;Eurasian&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/st1:placename&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #2e2e2e; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial Narrow&amp;quot;; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;st1:placetype&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #2e2e2e; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial Narrow&amp;quot;; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"&gt;Basin&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/st1:placetype&gt;&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #2e2e2e; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial Narrow&amp;quot;; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"&gt; resulting from the Arctic Oscillation change could contribute to sea ice declines in that part of the &lt;/span&gt;&lt;st1:place&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #2e2e2e; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial Narrow&amp;quot;; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"&gt;Arctic&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #2e2e2e; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial Narrow&amp;quot;; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"&gt;."&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #E4E4E4; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #2e2e2e; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial Narrow&amp;quot;; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"&gt;"Changes in the volume and extent of Arctic sea ice in recent years have focused attention on melting ice," said co-author and senior research scientist Ron Kwok of NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;st1:place&gt;&lt;st1:city&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #2e2e2e; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial Narrow&amp;quot;; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"&gt;Pasadena&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/st1:city&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #2e2e2e; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial Narrow&amp;quot;; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"&gt;, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;st1:state&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #2e2e2e; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial Narrow&amp;quot;; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"&gt;Calif.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/st1:state&gt;&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #2e2e2e; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial Narrow&amp;quot;; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"&gt;, which manages Grace for NASA. "The Grace and ICESat data allow us to now examine the impacts of widespread changes in ocean circulation."&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #E4E4E4; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #2e2e2e; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial Narrow&amp;quot;; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"&gt;Kwok said on whole, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;st1:place&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #2e2e2e; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial Narrow&amp;quot;; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"&gt;Arctic Ocean&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #2e2e2e; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial Narrow&amp;quot;; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"&gt; salinity is similar to what it was in the past, but the &lt;/span&gt;&lt;st1:place&gt;&lt;st1:placename&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #2e2e2e; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial Narrow&amp;quot;; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"&gt;Eurasian&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/st1:placename&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #2e2e2e; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial Narrow&amp;quot;; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;st1:placetype&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #2e2e2e; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial Narrow&amp;quot;; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"&gt;Basin&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/st1:placetype&gt;&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #2e2e2e; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial Narrow&amp;quot;; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"&gt; has become more saline, and the &lt;/span&gt;&lt;st1:place&gt;&lt;st1:placename&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #2e2e2e; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial Narrow&amp;quot;; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"&gt;Canada&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/st1:placename&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #2e2e2e; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial Narrow&amp;quot;; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;st1:placetype&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #2e2e2e; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial Narrow&amp;quot;; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"&gt;Basin&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/st1:placetype&gt;&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #2e2e2e; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial Narrow&amp;quot;; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"&gt; has freshened. In the &lt;/span&gt;&lt;st1:place&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #2e2e2e; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial Narrow&amp;quot;; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"&gt;Beaufort Sea&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #2e2e2e; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial Narrow&amp;quot;; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"&gt;, the water is the freshest it's been in 50 years of record keeping, with only a tiny fraction of that freshwater originating from melting ice and the vast majority coming from Russian river water.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #E4E4E4; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #2e2e2e; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial Narrow&amp;quot;; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"&gt;The &lt;/span&gt;&lt;st1:place&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #2e2e2e; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial Narrow&amp;quot;; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"&gt;Beaufort Sea&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #2e2e2e; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial Narrow&amp;quot;; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"&gt; stores more freshwater when an atmospheric pressure system called the Beaufort High strengthens, driving a counterclockwise wind pattern. Consequently, it has been argued that the primary cause of freshening is a strengthening of the Beaufort High, but salinity began to decline early in the 1990s, when the Beaufort High relaxed and the counterclockwise Arctic Oscillation pattern increased.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #E4E4E4; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #2e2e2e; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial Narrow&amp;quot;; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"&gt;"We discovered a pathway that allows Russian river runoff to feed the Beaufort gyre," Kwok said. "The Beaufort High is important, but so are the hemispheric-scale effects of the Arctic Oscillation."&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #E4E4E4; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #2e2e2e; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial Narrow&amp;quot;; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"&gt;"To better understand climate-related changes in sea ice and the Arctic overall, climate models need to more accurately represent the Arctic Oscillation's low pressure and counterclockwise circulation on the Russian side of the &lt;/span&gt;&lt;st1:place&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #2e2e2e; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial Narrow&amp;quot;; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"&gt;Arctic Ocean&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #2e2e2e; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial Narrow&amp;quot;; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"&gt;," Morison added.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #E4E4E4; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #E4E4E4; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #2e2e2e; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial Narrow&amp;quot;; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"&gt;For more on Grace and ICESat, visit:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #E4E4E4; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #2e2e2e; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial Narrow&amp;quot;; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: #2e2e2e; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial Narrow&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.csr.utexas.edu/grace/"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #004d93; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"&gt;http://www.csr.utexas.edu/grace/&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #2e2e2e; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial Narrow&amp;quot;; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: #2e2e2e; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial Narrow&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://grace.jpl.nasa.gov/"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #004d93; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"&gt;http://grace.jpl.nasa.gov/&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #2e2e2e; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial Narrow&amp;quot;; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;, and&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: #2e2e2e; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial Narrow&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://icesat.gsfc.nasa.gov/icesat/"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #004d93; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"&gt;http://icesat.gsfc.nasa.gov/icesat/&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #2e2e2e; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial Narrow&amp;quot;; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #E4E4E4; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #E4E4E4; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #2e2e2e; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial Narrow&amp;quot;; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"&gt;JPL is managed for NASA by the California Institute of Technology in &lt;/span&gt;&lt;st1:city&gt;&lt;st1:place&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #2e2e2e; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial Narrow&amp;quot;; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"&gt;Pasadena&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:city&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #2e2e2e; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial Narrow&amp;quot;; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"&gt;. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #2e2e2e; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial Narrow&amp;quot;; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #E4E4E4; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: &amp;quot;Arial Narrow&amp;quot;; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;Alan Buis 818-354-0474&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #E4E4E4; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: &amp;quot;Arial Narrow&amp;quot;; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;Jet Propulsion Laboratory, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;st1:city&gt;&lt;st1:place&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: &amp;quot;Arial Narrow&amp;quot;; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;Pasadena&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:city&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: &amp;quot;Arial Narrow&amp;quot;; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;, &lt;a href="mailto:Calif.Alan.buis@jpl.nasa.gov"&gt;Calif.Alan.buis@jpl.nasa.gov&lt;/a&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #E4E4E4; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: &amp;quot;Arial Narrow&amp;quot;; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;Sandra Hines 206-543-2580&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #E4E4E4; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-image: initial; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: 1pt; font-family: 'Arial Narrow'; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 0cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;st1:place&gt;&lt;st1:placetype&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: &amp;quot;Arial Narrow&amp;quot;; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;University&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/st1:placetype&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: &amp;quot;Arial Narrow&amp;quot;; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt; of &lt;/span&gt;&lt;st1:placename&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: &amp;quot;Arial Narrow&amp;quot;; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;Washington&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/st1:placename&gt;&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: &amp;quot;Arial Narrow&amp;quot;; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;, Seattle&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="background: #E4E4E4; border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial Narrow&amp;quot;; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: ES-TRAD; padding: 0cm;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: &amp;quot;Arial Narrow&amp;quot;; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: ES-TRAD;"&gt;shines@uw.edu&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: &amp;quot;Arial Narrow&amp;quot;; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: ES-TRAD;"&gt;&lt;span style="background: #E4E4E4; border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-nx5gkhGX0nk/TxMdcsE1MGI/AAAAAAAAAeU/X-qy6uqLRjo/s1600/613949main_earthA20120104-full.jpg" imageanchor="1"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="320" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-nx5gkhGX0nk/TxMdcsE1MGI/AAAAAAAAAeU/X-qy6uqLRjo/s1600/613949main_earthA20120104-full.jpg" width="308" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: #d6d6d6; color: #2e2e2e; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; text-align: left;"&gt;Increasing freshwater on the U.S. and Canadian side of the Arctic from 2005 to 2008 is balanced by decreasing freshwater on the Russian side, so that on average the Arctic did not have more freshwater. Here blue represents maximum freshwater increases and the yellows and oranges represent maximum freshwater decreases. Credit: University of Washington&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-krRqr042qW4/TxMeDc2n5nI/AAAAAAAAAec/C9NxB4ChqBA/s1600/613952main_earthB20120104-full.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="203" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-krRqr042qW4/TxMeDc2n5nI/AAAAAAAAAec/C9NxB4ChqBA/s320/613952main_earthB20120104-full.jpg" width="320" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: #d6d6d6; color: #2e2e2e; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: #d6d6d6; color: #2e2e2e; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; text-align: left;"&gt;Red arrows show the new path of Russian river water into the Canada Basin. The previous freshwater pathway - across the Eurasian Basin toward Greenland and the Atlantic - was altered by atmospheric conditions created by the Arctic Oscillation. Credit: University of Washington&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: #d6d6d6; color: #2e2e2e; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-SM35v2RCYEE/TxMf30r7TYI/AAAAAAAAAek/q69orBX5SLk/s1600/613955main_earthC20120104-full.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="320" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-SM35v2RCYEE/TxMf30r7TYI/AAAAAAAAAek/q69orBX5SLk/s320/613955main_earthC20120104-full.jpg" width="228" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: #d6d6d6; color: #2e2e2e; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: &amp;quot;Arial Narrow&amp;quot;; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: ES-TRAD;"&gt;&lt;span style="background: #E4E4E4; border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;"&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: #d6d6d6; color: #2e2e2e; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; text-align: left;"&gt;An instrument about to be dropped through an opening in the ice to the seafloor will record ocean bottom pressure to compare with similar data recorded by NASA's GRACE satellites. Data from GRACE, ICESat and actual water samples led to the discovery of a new pathway of freshwater in the Arctic. Credit: C. Peralta-Ferriz/UW Applied Physics Laboratory&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2969120026515649609-2640181087016239763?l=climaticchangenow.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='related' href='http://www.nasa.gov' title='NASA Finds Russian Runoff Freshening Canadian Arctic'/><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://climaticchangenow.blogspot.com/feeds/2640181087016239763/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://climaticchangenow.blogspot.com/2012/01/nasa-finds-russian-runoff-freshening.html#comment-form' title='0 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2969120026515649609/posts/default/2640181087016239763'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2969120026515649609/posts/default/2640181087016239763'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://climaticchangenow.blogspot.com/2012/01/nasa-finds-russian-runoff-freshening.html' title='NASA Finds Russian Runoff Freshening Canadian Arctic'/><author><name>Raymond Yeats</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/02830521344975824191</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-nx5gkhGX0nk/TxMdcsE1MGI/AAAAAAAAAeU/X-qy6uqLRjo/s72-c/613949main_earthA20120104-full.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2969120026515649609.post-6523403117967353011</id><published>2011-11-24T12:55:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2011-11-24T12:55:18.827-08:00</updated><title type='text'>Posibles escenarios de cambio climático global</title><content type='html'>&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.0pt; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #555555; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 9.0pt;"&gt;PATRIMONIO NATURAL&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.0pt; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #555555; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 9.0pt;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.0pt; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18pt;"&gt;&lt;span class="submitted"&gt;&lt;span style="background: #D0DEEE; color: #777777; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 9.5pt;"&gt;Опубликовано&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="apple-converted-space"&gt;&lt;span style="background: #D0DEEE; color: #777777; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 9.5pt;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="submitted"&gt;&lt;span style="background: #D0DEEE; color: #777777; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 9.5pt;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://prinas.org/users/andromeda" title="Информация о пользователе."&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: #525062;"&gt;Andromeda&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="apple-converted-space"&gt;&lt;span style="background: #D0DEEE; color: #777777; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 9.5pt;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="submitted"&gt;&lt;span style="background: #D0DEEE; color: #777777; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 9.5pt;"&gt;в 1 Октябрь, 2008 - 19:03&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="apple-converted-space"&gt;&lt;span style="background: #D0DEEE; color: #555555; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 9.0pt;"&gt;&lt;span style="float: none;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: #555555; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 9.0pt;"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18pt;"&gt;&lt;span class="apple-converted-space"&gt;&lt;span style="background: #D0DEEE; color: #555555; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 9.0pt;"&gt;&lt;span style="float: none;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18pt;"&gt;&lt;span class="apple-converted-space"&gt;&lt;span style="background: #D0DEEE; color: #555555; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 9.0pt;"&gt;&lt;span style="float: none;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18pt;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 9pt;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.priroda.su/"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: #525062; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"&gt;http://www.priroda.su/&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18pt; margin-bottom: 9.6pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 4.8pt;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 9pt;"&gt;Глобальные климатические изменения очень сложны, поэтому современная наука не может дать однозначного ответа, что же нас ожидает в ближайшем будущем. Существует множество сценариев развития ситуации.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18pt; margin-bottom: 3.6pt;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;Сценарий 1 – глобальное потепление будет происходить постепенно&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18pt; margin-bottom: 9.6pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 4.8pt;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;Земля очень большая и сложная система, состоящая из большого количества связанных между собой структурных компонентов. На планете есть подвижная атмосфера, движение воздушных масс которой распределяет тепловую энергию по широтам планеты, на Земле есть огромный аккумулятор тепла и газов – Мировой океан (океан накапливает в 1000 раз больше тепла, чем атмосфера) Изменения в такой сложной системе не могут происходить быстро. Пройдут столетия и тысячелетия, прежде чем можно будет судить об сколько-нибудь ощутимом изменении климата.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18pt; margin-bottom: 3.6pt;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;Сценарий 2 – глобальное потепление будет происходить относительно быстро&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18pt; margin-bottom: 9.6pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 4.8pt;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;Самый «популярный» в настоящее время сценарий. По различным оценкам за последние сто лет средняя температура на нашей планете увеличилась на 0,5-1°С, концентрация - СО&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;возросла на 20-24 %, а метана на 100%. В будущем эти процессы получат дальнейшее продолжение и к концу XXI века средняя температура поверхности Земли может увеличиться от 1,1 до 6,4°С, по сравнению с 1990 годом (по прогнозам IPCC от 1,4 до 5,8°С). Дальнейшее таяние Арктических и Антарктических льдов может ускорить процессы глобального потепления из-за изменения альбедо планеты. По утверждению некоторых учёных, только ледяные шапки планеты за счёт отражения солнечного излучения охлаждают нашу Землю на 2°С, а покрывающий поверхность океана лёд существенно замедляет процессы теплообмена между относительно теплыми океаническим водами и более холодным поверхностным слоем атмосферы. Кроме того, над ледяными шапками практически нет главного парникового газа – водяного пара, так как он выморожен.&lt;br /&gt;Глобальное потепление будет сопровождаться подъёмом уровня мирового океана. С 1995 по 2005 год уровень Мирового океана уже поднялся на 4 см, вместо прогнозируемых 2-ух см. Если уровень Мирового океана в дальнейшем будет подниматься с такой же скоростью, то к концу XXI века суммарный подъём его уровня составит 30 - 50 см, что вызовет частичное затопление многих прибрежных территорий, особенно многонаселённого побережья Азии. Следует помнить, что около 100 миллионов человек на Земле живёт на высоте меньше 88 сантиметров над уровнем моря.&lt;br /&gt;Кроме повышения уровня Мирового океана глобальное потепление влияет на силу ветров и распределение осадков на планете. В результате на планете вырастет частота и масштабы различных природных катаклизмов (штормы, ураганы, засухи, наводнения).&lt;br /&gt;В настоящее время от засухи страдает 2% всей суши, по прогнозам некоторых учёных к 2050 году засухой будет охвачено до 10% всех земель материков. Кроме того, изменится распределение количества осадков по сезонам.&lt;br /&gt;В Северной Европе и на западе США увеличится количество осадков и частота штормов, ураганы будут бушевать в 2-а раза чаще, чем в XX веке. Климат Центральной Европы станет переменчивым, в сердце Европы зимы станут теплее, а лето дождливее. Восточную и Южную Европу, включая Средиземноморье, ждёт засуха и жара.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18pt; margin-bottom: 3.6pt;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;Сценарий 3 – Глобальное потепление в некоторых частях Земли сменится кратковременным похолоданием&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18pt; margin-bottom: 9.6pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 4.8pt;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;Известно, что одним из факторов возникновения океанических течений является градиент (разница) температур между арктическими и тропическими водами. Таяние полярных льдов способствует повышению температуры Арктических вод, а значит, вызывает уменьшение температурной разницы между тропическими и арктическими водами, что не минуемо, в будущем приведёт к замедлению течений.&lt;br /&gt;Одним из самых известных тёплых течений является Гольфстрим, благодаря которому во многих странах Северной Европы среднегодовая температура на 10 градусов выше, чем в других аналогичных климатических зонах Земли. Понятно, что остановка этого океанического конвейера тепла очень сильно повлияет на климат Земли. Уже сейчас течение Гольфстрим, стало слабее на 30% по сравнению с 1957 годом. Математическое моделирование показало, чтобы полностью остановить Гольфстрим достаточно будет повышения температуры на 2-2,5 градуса. В настоящее время температура Северной Атлантики уже прогрелась на 0,2 градуса по сравнению с 70-ми годами. В случае остановки Гольфстрима среднегодовая температура в Европе к 2010 году понизится на 1 градус, а после 2010 года дальнейший рост среднегодовой температуры продолжится. Другие математические модели «сулят» более сильное похолодание Европе.&lt;br /&gt;Согласно этим математическим расчётам полная остановка Гольфстрима произойдёт через 20 лет, в результате чего климат Северной Европы, Ирландии, Исландии и Великобритании может стать холоднее настоящего на 4-6 градусов, усилятся дожди и участятся шторма. Похолодание затронет также и Нидерланды, Бельгию, Скандинавию и север европейской части России. После 2020-2030 года потепление в Европе возобновится по сценарию №2.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18pt; margin-bottom: 3.6pt;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;Сценарий 4 – Глобальное потепление сменится глобальным похолоданием&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18pt; margin-bottom: 9.6pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 4.8pt;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;Остановка Гольфстрима и других океанических вызовет глобальное похолодание на Земле и наступление очередного ледникового периода.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18pt; margin-bottom: 3.6pt;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;Сценарий 5 - Парниковая катастрофа&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18pt; margin-bottom: 9.6pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 4.8pt;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;Парниковая катастрофа - самый «неприятный» сценарий развития процессов глобального потепления. Автором теории является наш учёный Карнаухов, суть её в следующем. Рост среднегодовой температуры на Земле, вследствие увеличения в атмосфере Земли содержания антропогенного CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;, вызовет переход в атмосферу растворённого в океане CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;, а также спровоцирует разложение осадочных карбонатных пород с дополнительным выделением углекислого газа, который, в свою очередь, поднимет температуру на Земле ещё выше, что повлечёт за собой дальнейшее разложение карбонатов, лежащих в более глубоких слоях земной коры (в океане содержится углекислого газа в 60 раз больше, чем в атмосфере, а в земной коре почти в 50 000 раз больше). Ледники будут интенсивно таять, уменьшая альбедо Земли. Такое быстрое повышение температуры будет способствовать интенсивному поступлению метана из тающей вечной мерзлоты, а повышение температуры до 1,4–5,8°С к концу столетия будет способствовать разложению метангидратов (льдистых соединений воды и метана), сосредоточенных преимущественно в холодных местах Земли. Если учесть, что метан, является в 21 раз более сильным парниковым газом, чем CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;рост температуры на Земле будет катастрофическим. Чтобы лучше представить, что будет с Землёй лучше всего обратить внимание на нашего соседа по солнечной системе – планету Венера. При таких же параметрах атмосферы, как на Земле, температура на Венере должна быть выше Земной всего на 60°С (Венера ближе Земли к Солнцу) т.е. быть в районе 75°С, в реальности же температура на Венере почти 500°С. Большинство карбонатных и метано-содержащих соединений на Венере давным давно были разрушены с выделением углекислого газа и метана. В настоящее время атмосфера Венеры состоит на 98% из СО&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;, что приводит к увеличению температуры планеты почти на 400°С&lt;br /&gt;Если глобальное потепление пойдёт по такому же сценарию, как на Венере, то температура приземных слоев атмосферы на Земле может достигнуть 150 градусов. Повышение температуры Земли даже на 50°С поставит крест, на человеческой цивилизации, а увеличение температуры на 150°С вызовет гибель почти всех живых организмов планеты.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18pt; margin-bottom: 9.6pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 4.8pt;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;По оптимистическому сценарию Карнаухова, если количество, поступающего в атмосферу CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;, останется на прежнем уровне, то температура 50°С, на Земле установится через 300 лет, а 150°С через 6000 лет. К сожалению, прогресс не остановить, с каждым годом объёмы выбросов CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;только растут. По реалистическому сценарию, согласно которому выброс CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;будет расти с такой же скоростью, удваиваясь каждые 50 лет, температура 502 на Земле уже установится через 100 лет, а 150°С через 300 лет.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 19.2pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 7.5pt; text-indent: -18pt;"&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style="color: #666666; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"&gt;·&lt;span style="font: 7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style="color: #666666; font-size: 9pt;"&gt;2829 просмотра&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2969120026515649609-6523403117967353011?l=climaticchangenow.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://climaticchangenow.blogspot.com/feeds/6523403117967353011/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://climaticchangenow.blogspot.com/2011/11/posibles-escenarios-de-cambio-climatico.html#comment-form' title='0 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2969120026515649609/posts/default/6523403117967353011'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2969120026515649609/posts/default/6523403117967353011'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://climaticchangenow.blogspot.com/2011/11/posibles-escenarios-de-cambio-climatico.html' title='Posibles escenarios de cambio climático global'/><author><name>Raymond Yeats</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/02830521344975824191</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2969120026515649609.post-1950981557417948140</id><published>2011-11-24T12:37:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2011-11-24T12:39:50.556-08:00</updated><title type='text'>Gulfstream podria haber parado. Estamos a la espera de una nueva edad de hielo?</title><content type='html'>&lt;table align="left" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="background: #FFF0E6; mso-cellspacing: 0cm; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; mso-table-anchor-horizontal: column; mso-table-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-table-left: left; mso-table-lspace: 2.25pt; mso-table-rspace: 2.25pt;"&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt;   &lt;td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;"&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://forum-msk.org/material/fpolitic/5132165.html" title="Гольфстрим умер. Нас ждет новый ледниковый период?"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #FFF0E6;"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; margin-bottom: 5.25pt;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: #990000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.5pt;"&gt;FORUM.MSK.RU&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #FFF0E6;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #999999; font-family: Arial; font-size: 8.5pt;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #FFF0E6;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #999999; font-family: Arial; font-size: 8.5pt;"&gt;Семен Сладков 02.01.2011&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: #990000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt;"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #FFF0E6; margin-top: 5.25pt;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 8.5pt;"&gt;(Исследования д-ра Зангари, Италия)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 8.5pt;"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #FFF0E6; margin-top: 5.25pt;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 8.5pt;"&gt;Жизнь на Земле только что изменилась… Гольфстрим умер… По последним спутниковым данным, Гольфстрим больше не существует. Вся система морских течений Северной Атлантики является ключевым элементом теплового регулирования планеты, позволяя Ирландии и Англии быть свободными ото льда, а Скандинавским странам не быть слишком холодными. Это то, что защищало весь мир от нового ледникового периода - термохалинная система циркуляции - в настоящее время в ряде мест умерла и умирает на других участках.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #FFF0E6; margin-top: 5.25pt;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 8.5pt;"&gt;Гольфстрим - это «река» с теплой водой, которая двигалась через Атлантический океан, достигала Мурманска и обогревала Европу своим теплом, одновременно защищая ее от полярных ветров.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #FFF0E6; margin-top: 5.25pt;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 8.5pt;"&gt;В Германии два месяца подряд (в течение ноября и декабря 2010 года) сохраняется стабильный снежный покров толщиной около 10 см, чего не было уже много десятилетий, и стоят необычные для этих мест морозы, доходящие по ночам до минус 20°С. Типичных для начала зимы оттепелей в этом году не было.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #FFF0E6; margin-top: 5.25pt;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 8.5pt;"&gt;Итальянские физики в ходе эксперимента использовали ванну с холодной водой и придали цвет теплым струям воды. Можно было увидеть границы холодных слоев и теплых струй Когда добавили масло в ванну, границы слоев теплой воды нарушились и текущий вихрь был эффективно уничтожен. Это то, что сейчас происходит в Мексиканском заливе и в Атлантическом океане с Гольфстримом. Река «теплой воды», которая течет из стран Карибского бассейна не доходит до Западной Европы, она умирает из-за корексита – это химическое вещество, которое администрация Барака Обамы позволила концерну Бритиш Петролеум (BP) использовать, чтобы скрыть масштабы бедствия в результате взрыва буровой платформы в апреле прошлого года.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #FFF0E6; margin-top: 5.25pt;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 8.5pt;"&gt;Около 2 млн галлонов корексита, а также несколько миллионов галлонов других диспергаторов, добавили к более чем 200 миллионам галлонов сырой нефти, которая выливалась в течение нескольких месяцев из скважины, пробуренной BP на дне Мексиканского залива. Так удалось эффективно скрыть большую часть нефти, опустив ее на дно, и надеяться, что концерну ВР удастся серьезно уменьшить размеры федерального штрафа, зависящего от размера нефтяной катастрофы.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #FFF0E6; margin-top: 5.25pt;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 8.5pt;"&gt;В настоящее время нет способов эффективного «очищения» дна Мексиканского залива. Кроме того, нефть добралась до восточного побережья Америки и далее вытекла в северную часть Атлантического океана, и там тоже нет никакой возможности эффективно очищать нефть, находящуюся на дне...&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #FFF0E6; margin-top: 5.25pt;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 8.5pt;"&gt;Первым сообщил об остановке Гольфстрима Д-р Джанлуиджи Зангари (Zangari), физик-теоретик из института в Фраскати в Италии. Ученый уже несколько лет сотрудничает с группой специалистов, занимающихся мониторингом происходящего в Мексиканском заливе. Его информация содержится в журнальной статье от 12 июня 2010 г. и основывается на спутниковых данных CCAR Колорадо, согласованных с NOAA ВМС США. Эти оперативные данные спутниковых карт позже на сервере CCAR были изменены, и ученый говорит, что это была "фальсификация".&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #FFF0E6; margin-top: 5.25pt;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 8.5pt;"&gt;Он вернулся к данным NOAA ВМС США и к более поздним данным, и заявил в начале августа, что данные CCAR ненадежны, а его выводы не изменились по качеству или количеству серьезных последствий . Он считает, что оледенение «в недалеком будущем неизбежно из-за этого бедствия».&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #FFF0E6; margin-top: 5.25pt;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 8.5pt;"&gt;Д-р Зангари утверждает, что огромное количество нефти, постоянно расширяясь в объеме, охватывает такие огромные области, что это оказывает серьезное воздействие на всю систему терморегуляции планеты путем разрушения граничных слоев теплого потока воды. Конвейер в Мексиканском заливе прекратил свое существование нынешней осенью, последние спутниковые данные ясно показывают, что Гольфстрима в настоящее время нет, он начинает разбиваться на части и умирать примерно в 250 километрах к востоку от берега Северной Каролины, притом что ширина Атлантического океана на этой широте превышает 5000 км.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #FFF0E6; margin-top: 5.25pt;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 8.5pt;"&gt;В связи с тем интересом, который вызвала тема «исчезновения» Гольфстрима в интернете, российский ученый профессор, автор двух монографий и 130 публикаций в области физики, акустики, геофизики, математики, физической химии, экономики, а также известный блоггер Сергей Леонидович Лопатников, написал в своем блоге ЖЖ статью, приводим её в оригинальном виде.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #FFF0E6; margin-top: 5.25pt;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 8.5pt;"&gt;«О Гольфстриме и погоде зимой Термохалинная сосудистая система, где теплые воды текут через более прохладные, оказывает большое влияние не только на океан, но и на верхние слои атмосферы до высоты в семь миль. Отсутствие Гольфстрима в восточной части Северной Атлантики нарушило нормальный ход атмосферных потоков летом этого года, в результате чего образовались неслыханно высокие температуры в Москве, произошли засухи и наводнения в Центральной Европе, повысилась температура во многих странах Азии, произошли массовые наводнения в Китае, Пакистане и других странах Азии.»&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 8.5pt;"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2969120026515649609-1950981557417948140?l=climaticchangenow.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://climaticchangenow.blogspot.com/feeds/1950981557417948140/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://climaticchangenow.blogspot.com/2011/11/blog-post.html#comment-form' title='0 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2969120026515649609/posts/default/1950981557417948140'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2969120026515649609/posts/default/1950981557417948140'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://climaticchangenow.blogspot.com/2011/11/blog-post.html' title='Gulfstream podria haber parado. Estamos a la espera de una nueva edad de hielo?'/><author><name>Raymond Yeats</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/02830521344975824191</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2969120026515649609.post-5186574661616381644</id><published>2011-10-30T03:36:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2011-10-30T03:40:21.558-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Rare birds flock to British shores in record numbers</title><content type='html'>&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #339966; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;THE GUARDIAN&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #666666; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;Hurricanes and global warming bring unusual visitors as digital cameras and social networking encourage new enthusiasts&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; margin-left: -18pt; text-indent: 18pt;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 9.0pt;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/profile/robinmckie"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #005689; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"&gt;Robin McKie&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; margin-left: -18pt; text-indent: 18pt;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 9.0pt;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://observer.guardian.co.uk/"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #005689; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"&gt;The Observer&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;st1:date day="30" month="10" year="2011"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;Sunday  30 October 2011&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/st1:date&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; margin-left: -18pt; text-indent: 18pt;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 9.0pt;"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #005689; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2011/oct/30/bird-numbers-soar-in-britain#history-link-box"&gt;Article history&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; margin-left: -18pt; text-indent: 18pt;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 9.0pt;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-zYhNjdjzCto/Tq0pilVoEVI/AAAAAAAAAd8/8rFjgJZ28fQ/s1600/Siberian-Rubythroat-007.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="192" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-zYhNjdjzCto/Tq0pilVoEVI/AAAAAAAAAd8/8rFjgJZ28fQ/s320/Siberian-Rubythroat-007.jpg" width="320" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; margin-left: -18pt; text-indent: 18pt;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 9.0pt;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 13.5pt;"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #666666; font-family: Arial; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;A Siberian rubythroat. Photograph: David Tipling/Alamy&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;"&gt;&lt;st1:country-region&gt;&lt;st1:place&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;Britain&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:country-region&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;'s avian immigration figures are set to soar to a record level this year. Birdwatchers say hurricanes and severe&lt;span class="apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.5pt;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/weather" style="background-repeat: no-repeat;" title="More from guardian.co.uk on Weather"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #005689; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;weather&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="apple-converted-space"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;in &lt;/span&gt;&lt;st1:place&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;north America&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt; and &lt;/span&gt;&lt;st1:place&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;Asia&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt; have caused major disruptions to bird migrations across the globe and swept an unprecedented number of species towards the &lt;/span&gt;&lt;st1:place&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;British Isles&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.5pt;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/birds" style="background-repeat: no-repeat;" title="More from guardian.co.uk on Birds"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #005689; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;Birds&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="apple-converted-space"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;winging their way to their breeding grounds on the other side of the &lt;/span&gt;&lt;st1:place&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;Atlantic&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt; or in the Pacific have been left stranded in &lt;/span&gt;&lt;st1:country-region&gt;&lt;st1:place&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;Britain&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:country-region&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt; and &lt;/span&gt;&lt;st1:country-region&gt;&lt;st1:place&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;Ireland&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:country-region&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;, adding their numbers to native species.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: 9.75pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;Twitchers, as the most fanatical birdwatching enthusiasts are termed, have already observed a total of 442 species in the &lt;/span&gt;&lt;st1:place&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;British Isles&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt; this year. The highest number ever spotted in one year is 445, in 2008.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: 9.75pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;"We only need three more and we will have equalled our record – and given that November is often the best month of the year for spotting rare birds here, I'm very confident we are going to see the record broken before the end of the year," said Lee Evans, who runs the British Birding Association.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: 9.75pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;Last month a Siberian rubythroat – a tiny brown bird with a scarlet chest – was spotted outside Lerwick in Shetland. A native of east Asia, it is extremely rare in &lt;/span&gt;&lt;st1:country-region&gt;&lt;st1:place&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;Britain&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:country-region&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;, but has now spent the past two weeks at the very northern edge of the nation, caught by the cameras of twitchers who have flocked to the island.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: 9.75pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;Similarly, a bufflehead – a small duck with a distinctive bulbous head – was spotted in a farm pond on the Lizard in &lt;/span&gt;&lt;st1:city&gt;&lt;st1:place&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;Cornwall&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:city&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;. "It was absolutely knackered when it arrived," said Evans. "It had been migrating south from &lt;/span&gt;&lt;st1:country-region&gt;&lt;st1:place&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;Canada&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:country-region&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt; to southern &lt;/span&gt;&lt;st1:country-region&gt;&lt;st1:place&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;United States&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:country-region&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt; when it was swept out into the &lt;/span&gt;&lt;st1:place&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;Atlantic&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt; by a storm. It had probably travelled more than 3,000 miles, which explains why it was knackered." The bufflehead has since flown on, probably to &lt;/span&gt;&lt;st1:country-region&gt;&lt;st1:place&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;Portugal&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:country-region&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;, he added.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;Evans said that global warming over the past decade was playing a key role in transforming bird movements across the globe.&lt;span class="apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.5pt;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/climate-change" style="background-repeat: no-repeat;" title="More from guardian.co.uk on Climate change"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #005689; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;Climate change&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;was transforming weather patterns, causing a dramatic rise in hurricanes and storms, particularly over the &lt;/span&gt;&lt;st1:place&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;Atlantic&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;. "In the 1990s the average total for numbers of bird species spotted every year was 412," he added. "Now that figure is around 440. That is a very significant change and global warming lies at the root of it."&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: 9.75pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;In addition, melting Arctic sea ice may be involved. Ornithologists have suggested that the disappearance of ice cover is opening up migration routes over the north pole, making it easier for birds from the Pacific to reach &lt;/span&gt;&lt;st1:country-region&gt;&lt;st1:place&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;Britain&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:country-region&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt; – such as the slaty-backed gull, a native of the north Pacific, which appeared in the &lt;/span&gt;&lt;st1:place&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;Thames&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt; estuary on the Rainham landfill site this year.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: 9.75pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;The expectation that 2011 would be a record year for bird species numbers in the &lt;/span&gt;&lt;st1:place&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;British Isles&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt; was backed by Grahame Madge of the RSPB: "There are different ways to count species, but I think whatever system is used we should expect that records will be broken this year.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: 9.75pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;"Climate change is certainly implicated, but there are other factors. Access to the internet and improvements in digital cameras are also involved. A tufted puffin from the north Pacific, a medium-sized black seabird with distinctive white facial markings, was recently seen in the &lt;/span&gt;&lt;st1:country-region&gt;&lt;st1:place&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;UK&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:country-region&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;, though only a handful of spotters were involved and they only got a brief glimpse. Crucially, however, one of them was able to take a few photos. He posted these on the internet where they were confirmed as being images of a tufted puffin. That kind of technology makes it possible to pinpoint more and more species," he said.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: 9.75pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;In addition, birdwatching is becoming an increasingly popular hobby among all age groups, added Madge. "A fifth of RSPB members are under the age of 18. This is a round-the-year hobby that you can enjoy from the kitchen window or from a car. More and more people are birdwatching, and as a result more and more unexpected species are being spotted in the &lt;/span&gt;&lt;st1:place&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;British Isles&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;."&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: 9.75pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;As to the species that have yet to appear but which could do so in the next few weeks, turning 2011 into a record year of activity for twitchers, there are three likely candidates, added Evans. "There is the eyebrowed thrush, from &lt;/span&gt;&lt;st1:place&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;Siberia&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;, the American purple gallinule, from the southern states of the &lt;/span&gt;&lt;st1:country-region&gt;&lt;st1:place&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;US&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:country-region&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;, and the black-throated thrush, also from &lt;/span&gt;&lt;st1:place&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;Siberia&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;. They have all been seen over here before, but we haven't had a sighting of any of them so far this year."&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: 9.75pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;The jump in bird species numbers in the &lt;/span&gt;&lt;st1:place&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;British Isles&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt; is good news for twitchers, who obsessively follow news of sightings in order to add rare species to their lists – though the increase does pose financial problems for the birdwatching community. "It is an incredibly expensive hobby to keep up," said Evans. "Most of the rare visitors arrive in the Scillies, the &lt;/span&gt;&lt;st1:place&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;Outer Hebrides&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;, Orkney or Shetland – all at the fringes of the &lt;/span&gt;&lt;st1:place&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;British Isles&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;. Flights can cost £600 to get there.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: 9.75pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;"The alternative is to drive, then take the ferry. Every year I run up about 70,000 miles on my car doing this. That means spending thousands of pounds just on petrol. Essentially, I go through a car a year to spot these birds. And now we are getting more and more of them."&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background: white; border-bottom: dotted #999999 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: dotted #999999 1.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: dotted #999999 .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: dotted #999999 .75pt; padding: 2.0pt 0cm 2.0pt 0cm;"&gt;  &lt;h2 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0% 100%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 15pt; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 0cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm; text-align: -webkit-auto;"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #333333; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;FIVE ON THE WING&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: -webkit-auto;"&gt;&lt;strong style="background-repeat: no-repeat;"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;Siberian rubythroat&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span class="apple-converted-space"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;(Luscinia calliope)&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: 9.75pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: -webkit-auto;"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;A member of the thrush family which is distinguished by its olive-brown upper parts, bright red throat and white stripes above and below the eyes. It is a migratory, insectivorous species, breeding mainly in forests in Siberia. The rubythroat winters in India and Indonesia and is normally rare in western Europe.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: -webkit-auto;"&gt;&lt;strong style="background-repeat: no-repeat;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.5pt;"&gt;Northern waterthrush&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span class="apple-converted-space"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.5pt;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.5pt;"&gt;(Parkesia noveboracensis)&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: 9.75pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: -webkit-auto;"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;A migratory bird, found predominantly in &lt;/span&gt;&lt;st1:place&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;North America&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;, with a throat lightly streaked brown to black. The species winters in &lt;/span&gt;&lt;st1:place&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;Central America&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;, including the &lt;/span&gt;&lt;st1:place&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;West Indies&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;st1:state&gt;&lt;st1:place&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;Florida&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:state&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;st1:country-region&gt;&lt;st1:place&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;Colombia&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:country-region&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt; and &lt;/span&gt;&lt;st1:country-region&gt;&lt;st1:place&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;Ecuador&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:country-region&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;. Waterthrushes are terrestrial feeders with a diet consisting mainly of insects, molluscs and crustaceans.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: -webkit-auto;"&gt;&lt;strong style="background-repeat: no-repeat;"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;American purple gallinule&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span class="apple-converted-space"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;(Porphyrio martinica)&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: 9.75pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: -webkit-auto;"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;A medium-sized bird with purple-blue plumage, it inhabits swamps, lagoons, flooded fields and ponds. Breeding takes place in the southern states of the &lt;/span&gt;&lt;st1:country-region&gt;&lt;st1:place&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;United States&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:country-region&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;. Purple gallinules are omnivores feeding on anything they come across: vegetables, animal matter, fruit and all types of seeds.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: -webkit-auto;"&gt;&lt;strong style="background-repeat: no-repeat;"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;Bufflehead&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span class="apple-converted-space"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;(Bucephala albeola)&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: 9.75pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: -webkit-auto;"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;The bufflehead is a small diving duck that forages underwater, eating primarily aquatic plants and fish eggs. Adult males are black and white with iridescent green and purple heads. Females are a grey tone with light undersides and similar white behind the eye. The term bufflehead refers to the bird's strangely bulbous head shape. They are migratory birds, wintering in the northern and southern US.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: -webkit-auto;"&gt;&lt;strong style="background-repeat: no-repeat;"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;Slaty-backed gull&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span class="apple-converted-space"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;(Larus schistisagus)&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: 9.75pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: -webkit-auto;"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;Also known as the Pacific gull, the slaty-backed is grey-black in colour with dark upper wings and is a coastal species of northern &lt;/span&gt;&lt;st1:place&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;Asia&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt; and the &lt;/span&gt;&lt;st1:place&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;Bering Sea&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;. The bird breeds on the western coast of &lt;/span&gt;&lt;st1:state&gt;&lt;st1:place&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;Alaska&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:state&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;. Like most gulls, it is a scavenger.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: -webkit-auto;"&gt;&lt;strong style="background-repeat: no-repeat;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.5pt;"&gt;Jess Loxley-Stuart&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.5pt;"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2969120026515649609-5186574661616381644?l=climaticchangenow.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://climaticchangenow.blogspot.com/feeds/5186574661616381644/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://climaticchangenow.blogspot.com/2011/10/rare-birds-flock-to-british-shores-in.html#comment-form' title='0 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2969120026515649609/posts/default/5186574661616381644'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2969120026515649609/posts/default/5186574661616381644'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://climaticchangenow.blogspot.com/2011/10/rare-birds-flock-to-british-shores-in.html' title='Rare birds flock to British shores in record numbers'/><author><name>Raymond Yeats</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/02830521344975824191</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-zYhNjdjzCto/Tq0pilVoEVI/AAAAAAAAAd8/8rFjgJZ28fQ/s72-c/Siberian-Rubythroat-007.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2969120026515649609.post-396500415675249777</id><published>2011-10-30T01:17:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2011-10-30T01:18:35.941-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Las nevadas se adelantan en la costa este de Estados Unidos</title><content type='html'>&lt;h2 style="line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .75pt; margin-left: 11.25pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #333333; font-size: small;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;EL PAIS&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;h2 style="line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .75pt; margin-left: 11.25pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9pt; font-weight: normal;"&gt;Medios locales señalan que unos dos millones de personas se han quedado sin electricidad por la tormenta en el noreste caída en el noreste del país&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 13.5pt; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span class="autor"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 8.5pt; text-transform: uppercase;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://internacional.elpais.com/autor/agencias/a/" rel="author" style="outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial;" title="Ver todas las noticias de Agencias"&gt;&lt;span style="float: left;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; text-decoration: none;"&gt;AGENCIAS&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="apple-converted-space"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 8.5pt; text-transform: uppercase;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style="border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: initial;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="data"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 8.5pt;"&gt;Madrid&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="apple-converted-space"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 8.5pt;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="firma"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 8.5pt;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://internacional.elpais.com/tag/fecha/20111030" style="outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial;" title="Ver todas las noticias de esta fecha"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-weight: normal; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; text-decoration: none;"&gt;30 OCT 2011 - 05:11&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="apple-converted-space" style="outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;abbr style="outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial;" title="Central European Time"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none;"&gt;CE&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none;"&gt;T&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/abbr&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: #757575; font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 8.5pt;"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 13.5pt; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span class="firma"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-bH1Qxzf9UwY/Tq0H4yVlMaI/AAAAAAAAAds/PCRDJWA2I5o/s1600/Nevadas+en+EEUU.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="216" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-bH1Qxzf9UwY/Tq0H4yVlMaI/AAAAAAAAAds/PCRDJWA2I5o/s320/Nevadas+en+EEUU.jpg" width="320" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 13.5pt; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span class="firma"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 13.5pt; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span class="firma"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span class="apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; color: #888888; font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 8.5pt;"&gt;Las calles de Nueva York se han cubierto de nieve más pronto de lo habitual. /&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="apple-converted-space"&gt;&lt;span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; color: #888888; font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 8.5pt;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="firma"&gt;&lt;span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; color: #999999; font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 7.5pt;"&gt;&lt;span style="text-align: -webkit-auto;"&gt;EMMANUEL DUNAND&amp;nbsp;(AFP)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 15pt; margin-bottom: 11.25pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.5pt;"&gt;Una temprana tormenta de nieve a finales de octubre ha golpeado el noreste de Estados Unidos, una de las zonas del país con mayor densidad de población, dejando a medio millón de personas sin electricidad, retrasando vuelos y dejando más de 30 centímetros de nieve en algunas zonas. La nieve cayó desde la céntrica Pensilvania hasta Nueva York, dejando paisajes blanquecinos también en Connecticut, Virgina y Maryland.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; line-height: 15pt; margin-bottom: 11.25pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.5pt;"&gt;Más de dos millones y medio de personas, según señalan medios locales, se han quedado sin suministro eléctrico en la zona como consecuencia de la tormenta, que ha golpeado áreas de Pensilvania, Maryland, Connecticut y Virginia Occidental. Más de 93.000 personas no tienen luz en Pensilvania, Maryland y el oeste del Estado de Virgina, según ha confirmado la compañía Allegheny Power. Penelec, otra empresa, calcula de 30.000 de sus clientes están sin electricidad en Pensilvania y Nueva Jersey. El gobernador de Nueva Jersey, Chris Christie, uno de los damnificados por el corte eléctrico, ha declarado el estado de emergencia en el estado debido al temporal. Los cortes en el suministro eléctrico podrían extenderse aún más a medida que se desarrolle la tormenta a lo largo del sábado.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; line-height: 15pt; margin-bottom: 11.25pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.5pt;"&gt;La primera nevada del año también ha causado retrasos en el aeropuerto de Filadelfi. En El John F. Kennedy (el principal aeropuerto de Nueva York), algunas llegadas se han llegado a retrasar más de cuatro horas. La nieve ha causado también problemas de tráfico terrestre. El servicio ferroviario que conecta Washington con Nueva York y Boston también se vio afectado por la tormenta, con cancelaciones y retrasos.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; line-height: 15pt; margin-bottom: 11.25pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.5pt;"&gt;Según el canal meteorológico estadounidense, en Boston normalmente empieza a nevar a finales de noviembre, mientras Nueva York y Filadelfia ven caer los primeros copos a mitades de diciembre. Manhattan ha batido un nuevo récord: se registraron tres centímetros de nieve en Central Park, una cantidad que nunca se había alcanzado en octubre. Según el servicio meteorológico nacional, en los últimos 135 años sólo ha caído una cantidad significativa de nieve en octubre en el centro de Nueva York en tres ocasiones, la mayor de ellas en 1925, cuando se acumularon dos centímetros.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; line-height: 15pt; margin-bottom: 11.25pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.5pt;"&gt;La tormenta deja por ahora tres víctimas. Según indicaron las autoridades locales, en el estado de Massachusetts ha muerto electrocutado un hombre al pisar unos cables eléctricos derribados por el peso de la nieve, en Connecticut una persona murió en un accidente de tráfico atribuido a las malas condiciones de la carretera por el temporal de nieve, mientras que en Pensilvania un hombre de 84 años falleció al caer un árbol sobre su casa.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2969120026515649609-396500415675249777?l=climaticchangenow.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://climaticchangenow.blogspot.com/feeds/396500415675249777/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://climaticchangenow.blogspot.com/2011/10/las-nevadas-se-adelantan-en-la-costa.html#comment-form' title='0 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2969120026515649609/posts/default/396500415675249777'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2969120026515649609/posts/default/396500415675249777'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://climaticchangenow.blogspot.com/2011/10/las-nevadas-se-adelantan-en-la-costa.html' title='Las nevadas se adelantan en la costa este de Estados Unidos'/><author><name>Raymond Yeats</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/02830521344975824191</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-bH1Qxzf9UwY/Tq0H4yVlMaI/AAAAAAAAAds/PCRDJWA2I5o/s72-c/Nevadas+en+EEUU.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2969120026515649609.post-108609392193442381</id><published>2011-10-25T12:45:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2011-10-25T12:45:59.374-07:00</updated><title type='text'>LA CORRENTE ATLANTICA NON ARRIVA PIU IN EUROPA</title><content type='html'>&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, 'BitStream vera Sans', Tahoma, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 17px;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="margin-bottom: 10px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue;"&gt;NEW ICE ACE&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="color: #555555; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 10px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;Sole, Meteo e Cambiamenti Climatici&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="color: #555555; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 10px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="color: #555555; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 10px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;La corrente atlantica, più comunemente detta corrente del golfo,parte dalle coste dell’Africa occidentale,per raggiungere i Caraibi e il golfo del Messico. Dal golfo del Messico a sua volta arriva a lambire le coste dell’Inghilterra, Irlanda, Norvegia ed Islanda. Il clima dell’Europa nord occidentale è dipendente dalla corrente del golfo: infatti a latitudini altissime e cioè oltre il 60°parallelo, grazie proprio alla CDG abbiamo climi tipici delle medie latitudini corrispondenti più o meno al 40° parallelo sull’opposta sponda atlantica. L’acqua calda che parte dal golfo del Messico essendo più leggera si posiziona in superficie, cedendo il suo calore all’aria e alle circostanti terre emerse, per poi appesantirsi raffreddandosi e tornando quindi indietro in profondità, non raffreddando quindi l’aria e le terre emerse circostanti. Cosa sta’ succedendo ora: LA CORRENTE DEL GOLFO HA RALLENTATO LA SUA CORSA.&lt;br /&gt;La causa e’ la differenza di salinità nelle acque atlantiche.&lt;br /&gt;Lo scioglimento eccessivo dei ghiacci artici degli ultimi anni, ha provocato una maggiore immissione di acqua dolce, acqua che a sua volta essendo dolce e più leggera sovrasta quella più pesante e salata della CDG senza mescolarsi. Questo processo inabissa le acque miti della CDG, impedendole di fatto di raggiungere le coste europee. Ed e’ proprio ciò che sta accadendo da 2 anni a questa parte.&lt;br /&gt;Già dalla fine del 2009 la CDC cominciava a dare i primi segnali di rallentamento, per poi bloccarsi definitivamente all’inizio del 2010. Come tutti possiamo immaginare senza l’energia della CDG il clima europeo ne risentirà pesantemente,ne abbiamo avuto prova già in questi 2 ultimi inverni con le isole britanniche completamente coperte dal manto nevoso. Ma siamo solo all’inizio,se la corrente non riuscirà a raggiungere l’Europa, nei prossimi inverni la copertura nevosa del nostro continente raggiungerà livelli record.&lt;br /&gt;Vi riporto di quì di seguito le immagini relative all’andamento della corrente del golfo che si registrava nel 2009 e nel 2010. L’ultima immagine si riferisce invece alla situazione attuale:&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="color: #555555; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 10px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;1 settembre 2009:&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; color: #555555; font-size: 12px; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-MhHqloj_XWk/TqcQpx3y2mI/AAAAAAAAAdU/_nO_MCDChZs/s1600/gulfcurrent01092009.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="287" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-MhHqloj_XWk/TqcQpx3y2mI/AAAAAAAAAdU/_nO_MCDChZs/s320/gulfcurrent01092009.png" width="320" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="color: #555555; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 10px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="color: #555555; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 10px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #555555; font-family: Verdana, 'BitStream vera Sans', Tahoma, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px;"&gt;14 gennaio 2010:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #555555; font-family: Verdana, 'BitStream vera Sans', Tahoma, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-8R3Km5kvQ60/TqcQ6IpgmGI/AAAAAAAAAdc/I94dsMx3Fmg/s1600/gulfcurrent14012010-1.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="287" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-8R3Km5kvQ60/TqcQ6IpgmGI/AAAAAAAAAdc/I94dsMx3Fmg/s320/gulfcurrent14012010-1.png" width="320" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #555555; font-family: Verdana, 'BitStream vera Sans', Tahoma, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #555555; font-family: Verdana, 'BitStream vera Sans', Tahoma, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px;"&gt;24 luglio 2011:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #555555; font-family: Verdana, 'BitStream vera Sans', Tahoma, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-4aksrb3uujM/TqcRUIB-5WI/AAAAAAAAAdk/___2UMxoeCs/s1600/aofs_cur_nowcast_natl.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="287" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-4aksrb3uujM/TqcRUIB-5WI/AAAAAAAAAdk/___2UMxoeCs/s320/aofs_cur_nowcast_natl.png" width="320" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #555555; font-family: Verdana, 'BitStream vera Sans', Tahoma, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px;"&gt;Le immagini sono più eloquenti di tante inutili parole: la corrente del golfo da quasi 2 anni non raggiunge più l’Europa. A voi i commenti….&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #555555; font-family: Verdana, 'BitStream vera Sans', Tahoma, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px;"&gt;Giorgio Malavolta&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2969120026515649609-108609392193442381?l=climaticchangenow.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://climaticchangenow.blogspot.com/feeds/108609392193442381/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://climaticchangenow.blogspot.com/2011/10/la-corrente-atlantica-non-arriva-piu-in.html#comment-form' title='0 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2969120026515649609/posts/default/108609392193442381'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2969120026515649609/posts/default/108609392193442381'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://climaticchangenow.blogspot.com/2011/10/la-corrente-atlantica-non-arriva-piu-in.html' title='LA CORRENTE ATLANTICA NON ARRIVA PIU IN EUROPA'/><author><name>Raymond Yeats</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/02830521344975824191</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-MhHqloj_XWk/TqcQpx3y2mI/AAAAAAAAAdU/_nO_MCDChZs/s72-c/gulfcurrent01092009.png' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2969120026515649609.post-1740305530490317314</id><published>2011-10-25T12:32:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2011-10-25T12:33:23.635-07:00</updated><title type='text'>BRITAIN FACES A MINI 'ICE AGE'</title><content type='html'>&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-1uUWAmD06Sw/TqcOwUq2l0I/AAAAAAAAAdM/H9dOesmDVaA/s1600/EDAD+HIELO+BRITAIN.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-1uUWAmD06Sw/TqcOwUq2l0I/AAAAAAAAAdM/H9dOesmDVaA/s1600/EDAD+HIELO+BRITAIN.jpg" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="date" style="line-height: 9.75pt; margin-bottom: 1.5pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 3.75pt; margin-top: 1.5pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: top;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #ff6600; font-family: Arial; font-size: 8.5pt;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="date" style="line-height: 9.75pt; margin-bottom: 1.5pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 3.75pt; margin-top: 1.5pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: top;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #ff6600; font-family: Arial; font-size: 8.5pt;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="date" style="line-height: 9.75pt; margin-bottom: 1.5pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 3.75pt; margin-top: 1.5pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: top;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #ff6600; font-family: Arial; font-size: 8.5pt;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="date" style="line-height: 9.75pt; margin-bottom: 1.5pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 3.75pt; margin-top: 1.5pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: top;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #ff6600; font-family: Arial; font-size: 8.5pt;"&gt;EXPRESS.CO.UK&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="date" style="line-height: 9.75pt; margin-bottom: 1.5pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 3.75pt; margin-top: 1.5pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: top;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="date" style="line-height: 9.75pt; margin-bottom: 1.5pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 3.75pt; margin-top: 1.5pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: top;"&gt;&lt;st1:date day="10" month="10" year="2011"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #999999; font-family: Arial; font-size: 8.5pt;"&gt;Monday October  10,2011&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/st1:date&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #999999; font-family: Arial; font-size: 8.5pt;"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;st1:date day="10" month="10" year="2011"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #999999; font-family: Arial; font-size: 8.5pt;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/st1:date&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;h4 style="float: left; line-height: 9.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; vertical-align: top;"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 9pt;"&gt;By&lt;span class="apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="bold"&gt;Laura Caroe&lt;/span&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;div style="line-height: 9.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 3.75pt; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: top;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #2a166d; font-family: Arial;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 11px;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #2a166d; font-family: Arial;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 11px;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="introcopy" style="line-height: 12.75pt; margin-bottom: 1.5pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 3.75pt; margin-top: 1.5pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: top;"&gt;&lt;st1:country-region&gt;&lt;st1:place&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt;"&gt;BRITAIN&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:country-region&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt;"&gt; is set to suffer a mini ice age that could last for decades and bring with it a series of bitterly cold winters.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="storycopy" style="line-height: 12.75pt; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 3.75pt; margin-top: 3.0pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: top;"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt;"&gt;And it could all begin within weeks as experts said last night that the mercury may soon plunge below the record -20C endured last year.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="storycopy" style="line-height: 12.75pt; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 3.75pt; margin-top: 3.0pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: top;"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt;"&gt;Scientists say the anticipated cold blast will be due to the return of a disruptive weather pattern called La Nina. Latest evidence shows La Nina, linked to extreme winter weather in &lt;/span&gt;&lt;st1:country-region&gt;&lt;st1:place&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt;"&gt;America&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:country-region&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt;"&gt; and with a knock-on effect on &lt;/span&gt;&lt;st1:country-region&gt;&lt;st1:place&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt;"&gt;Britain&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:country-region&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt;"&gt;, is in force and will gradually strengthen as the year ends.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="storycopy" style="line-height: 12.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 3.75pt; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: top;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.facebook.com/dailyexpress"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #2a166d;"&gt;** JOIN THE DAILY EXPRESS ON FACEBOOK! ...**&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt;"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="storycopy" style="line-height: 12.75pt; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 3.75pt; margin-top: 3.0pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: top;"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt;"&gt;The climate phenomenon, characterised by unusually cold ocean temperatures in the Pacific, was linked to our icy winter last year – one of the coldest on record.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="storycopy" style="line-height: 12.75pt; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 3.75pt; margin-top: 3.0pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: top;"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt;"&gt;And it coincides with research from the Met Office indicating the nation could be facing a repeat of the “little ice age” that gripped the country 300 years ago, causing decades of harsh winters&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="storycopy" style="line-height: 12.75pt; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 3.75pt; margin-top: 3.0pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: top;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="storycopy" style="line-height: 12.75pt; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 3.75pt; margin-top: 3.0pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: top;"&gt;&lt;st1:country-region&gt;&lt;st1:place&gt;&lt;span class="apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #f0f2fe; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt;"&gt;Britain&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:country-region&gt;&lt;span class="apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #f0f2fe; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt;"&gt; is set to suffer a mini ice age that could last for decades&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt;"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="storycopy" style="line-height: 12.75pt; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 3.75pt; margin-top: 3.0pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: top;"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;The prediction, to be published in Nature magazine, is based on observations of a slight fall in the sun’s emissions of ultraviolet radiation, which may, over a long period, trigger Arctic conditions for many years.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="storycopy" style="line-height: 12.75pt; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 3.75pt; margin-top: 3.0pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: top;"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt;"&gt;Although a connection between La Nina and conditions in Europe is scientifically uncertain, ministers have warned transport organisations and emergency services not to take any chances. Forecasts suggest the country could be shivering in a big freeze as severe and sustained as last winter from as early as the end of this month.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="storycopy" style="line-height: 12.75pt; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 3.75pt; margin-top: 3.0pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: top;"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt;"&gt;La Nina, which occurs every three to five years, has a powerful effect on weather thousands of miles away by influencing an intense upper air current that helps create low pressure fronts.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="storycopy" style="line-height: 12.75pt; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 3.75pt; margin-top: 3.0pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: top;"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt;"&gt;Another factor that can affect Europe is the amount of ice in the Arctic and sea temperatures closer to home.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="storycopy" style="line-height: 12.75pt; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 3.75pt; margin-top: 3.0pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: top;"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt;"&gt;Ian Currie, of the Meterological Society, said: “All the world’s weather systems are connected. What is going on now in the Pacific can have repercussions later around the world.”&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="storycopy" style="line-height: 12.75pt; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 3.75pt; margin-top: 3.0pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: top;"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt;"&gt;Parts of the country already saw the first snowfalls of the winter last week, dumping two inches on the Cairngorms in Scotland. And forecaster James Madden, from Exacta Weather, warned we are facing a “severely cold and snowy winter”.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="storycopy" style="line-height: 12.75pt; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 3.75pt; margin-top: 3.0pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: top;"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt;"&gt;Councils say they are fully prepared having stockpiled thousands of tons of extra grit. And the Local Government Association says it had more salt available at the beginning of this month than the total used last winter.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="storycopy" style="line-height: 12.75pt; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 3.75pt; margin-top: 3.0pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: top;"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt;"&gt;But the mountain of salt could be dug into very soon amid widespread heavy snow as early as the start of next month. Last winter, the Met Office was heavily criticised after predicting a mild winter, only to see the country grind to a halt amid hazardous driving conditions in temperatures as low as -20C.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="storycopy" style="line-height: 12.75pt; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 3.75pt; margin-top: 3.0pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: top;"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt;"&gt;Peter Box, the Local Government Association’s economy and transport spokesman, said: “Local authorities have been hard at work making preparations for this winter and keeping the roads open will be our number one priority.”&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="storycopy" style="line-height: 12.75pt; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 3.75pt; margin-top: 3.0pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: top;"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt;"&gt;The National Grid will this week release its forecast for winter energy use based on long-range weather forecasts.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="storycopy" style="line-height: 12.75pt; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 3.75pt; margin-top: 3.0pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: top;"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt;"&gt;Such forecasting is, however, notoriously difficult, especially for the UK, which is subject to a wide range of competing climatic forces.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="storycopy" style="line-height: 12.75pt; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 3.75pt; margin-top: 3.0pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: top;"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt;"&gt;A Met Office spokesman said that although La Nina was recurring, the temperatures in the equatorial Pacific were so far only 1C below normal, compared with a drop of 2C at the same time last year.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="storycopy" style="line-height: 12.75pt; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 3.75pt; margin-top: 3.0pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: top;"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt;"&gt;Research by America’s National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration showed that in 2010-11 La Nina contributed to record winter snowfalls, spring flooding and drought across the world.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="storycopy" style="line-height: 12.75pt; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 3.75pt; margin-top: 3.0pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: top;"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt;"&gt;Jonathan Powell, of Positive Weather Solutions, said: “The end of the month and November are looking colder than average with severe frosts and the chance of snow.”&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="storycopy" style="line-height: 12.75pt; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 3.75pt; margin-top: 3.0pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: top;"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt;"&gt;However, some balmy autumnal sunshine was forecast for this week.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2969120026515649609-1740305530490317314?l=climaticchangenow.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://climaticchangenow.blogspot.com/feeds/1740305530490317314/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://climaticchangenow.blogspot.com/2011/10/britain-faces-mini-ice-age.html#comment-form' title='0 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2969120026515649609/posts/default/1740305530490317314'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2969120026515649609/posts/default/1740305530490317314'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://climaticchangenow.blogspot.com/2011/10/britain-faces-mini-ice-age.html' title='BRITAIN FACES A MINI &apos;ICE AGE&apos;'/><author><name>Raymond Yeats</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/02830521344975824191</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-1uUWAmD06Sw/TqcOwUq2l0I/AAAAAAAAAdM/H9dOesmDVaA/s72-c/EDAD+HIELO+BRITAIN.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2969120026515649609.post-861797170871055239</id><published>2011-10-21T00:41:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2011-10-21T00:41:00.042-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Los inviernos más fríos y con nieve por venir en Europa, Asia oriental y del este de América del Norte</title><content type='html'>&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-WP3SClEfwpw/TqEhqxb4yxI/AAAAAAAAAdE/3Ti_kTH2SQk/s1600/100611093710.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="320" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-WP3SClEfwpw/TqEhqxb4yxI/AAAAAAAAAdE/3Ti_kTH2SQk/s320/100611093710.jpg" width="241" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"&gt;Tormenta de nieve en Washington, DC.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="apple-converted-space"&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;span style="background: #C9D7F1; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"&gt;(Crédito: iStockphoto / Robin O'Connell)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-line-height-alt: 11.25pt; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #38761d;"&gt;ScienceDaily&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"&gt; (11 de junio de 2010)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt;"&gt;-&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-line-height-alt: 11.25pt; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt;"&gt;Un cálido clima del Ártico está influyendo en la presión del aire en el Polo Norte y los patrones cambiantes del viento sobre nuestro planeta.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.5pt;"&gt;Podemos esperar que los inviernos más fríos y con nieve en Europa, Asia oriental y del este de Norteamérica.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 11.25pt; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 11.25pt; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"&gt;"Los inviernos fríos y nevados serán la regla, no la excepción", dice el doctor James Overland, del Laboratorio de NOAA / Pacific Marine Environmental en los Estados Unidos.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"&gt;Dr. Overland se encuentra en el Año Polar Internacional Oslo Science Conference (API-OSC) para presidir una sesión de retroalimentación sobre el clima polar, la amplificación y las teleconexiones, incluyendo los impactos sobre las latitudes medias.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 11.25pt; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;"&gt;La pérdida de hielo marino provoca el cambio climático principales&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 11.25pt; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"&gt;La continua pérdida rápida del hielo marino será un importante motor de cambio importante en el sistema climático mundial en los próximos años.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 11.25pt; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"&gt;"Si bien el impacto emergente de gases de efecto invernadero es un factor importante en el cambio del Ártico, lo que no fue plenamente reconocido hasta ahora es que una combinación de un período de inusual calor debido a la variabilidad natural, la pérdida de reflectividad del hielo marino, el almacenamiento de calor del océano y el viento cambiante las pautas de trabajo conjunto ha alterado la memoria y la estabilidad del sistema climático en el Ártico, lo que resulta en la pérdida de hielo mayor que a principios de los modelos climáticos predijeron, "dice el Dr. Overland.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 11.25pt; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"&gt;"El invierno frío y nieve excepcional de 2009-2010 en Europa, Asia oriental y el este de América del Norte está conectado con los procesos físicos únicos en el Ártico", dice.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 11.25pt; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;"&gt;Cambio irreversible&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 11.25pt; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"&gt;El Ártico se está calentando dos veces más rápido que el resto del planeta.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"&gt;Esto se conoce como amplificación ártica - un fenómeno muy debatido en el Año Polar Internacional-OSC, en 2400 los científicos polares han reunido para discutir la enorme cantidad de investigación y nuevos hallazgos que son el resultado directo del Año Polar Internacional.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 11.25pt; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"&gt;Los cambios están ocurriendo mucho más rápido que la comunidad científica espera.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="background: #C9D7F1; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"&gt;Teniendo en cuenta la reciente reducción de la superficie de hielo marino de varios años y reducir el grosor del hielo, es poco probable que el Ártico puede volver a su estado anterior.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 11.25pt; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"&gt;"Los cambios son irreversibles", dice el Dr. Overland.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 11.25pt; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;"&gt;Un hito histórico&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 11.25pt; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"&gt;"El Año Polar Internacional La Conferencia de Oslo La ciencia es un hito en nuestro conocimiento del clima del Ártico", dice el Dr. Overland, que preside una de las sesiones sobre el clima en la conferencia.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"&gt;Más de 80 trabajos científicos se han presentado discutir la amplificación ártica y sus impactos.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2969120026515649609-861797170871055239?l=climaticchangenow.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://climaticchangenow.blogspot.com/feeds/861797170871055239/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://climaticchangenow.blogspot.com/2011/10/los-inviernos-mas-frios-y-con-nieve-por.html#comment-form' title='0 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2969120026515649609/posts/default/861797170871055239'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2969120026515649609/posts/default/861797170871055239'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://climaticchangenow.blogspot.com/2011/10/los-inviernos-mas-frios-y-con-nieve-por.html' title='Los inviernos más fríos y con nieve por venir en Europa, Asia oriental y del este de América del Norte'/><author><name>Raymond Yeats</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/02830521344975824191</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-WP3SClEfwpw/TqEhqxb4yxI/AAAAAAAAAdE/3Ti_kTH2SQk/s72-c/100611093710.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2969120026515649609.post-8471719838767126936</id><published>2011-10-12T05:02:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2011-10-12T05:02:48.002-07:00</updated><title type='text'>WHAT SHOULD BE THE TOP ENVIRONMENTAL PRIORITY FOR THE NEXT 40 YEARS?</title><content type='html'>&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-pGM04s9V9U4/TpWBlrnrMkI/AAAAAAAAAc8/59fUl1nYXxE/s1600/Prioridad+ambiental.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="192" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-pGM04s9V9U4/TpWBlrnrMkI/AAAAAAAAAc8/59fUl1nYXxE/s320/Prioridad+ambiental.jpg" width="320" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #666666; font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt;"&gt;Mission Critical is a debate hosted by Earthwatch to decide on the most important environmental priority for the next 40 years.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #666666; font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt;"&gt;Photograph: Ho/Reuters&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #666666; font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #666666; font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="stand-first-alone" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: Arial;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #38761d;"&gt;THE GUARDIAN&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"&gt;. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;st1:country-region&gt;&lt;st1:place&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: Arial;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;UK&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:country-region&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="background: white; color: #666666; font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="stand-first-alone" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="stand-first-alone" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="background: white; color: #666666; font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;Experts speakers argue their cases ahead of an Earthwatch debate in &lt;/span&gt;&lt;st1:city&gt;&lt;st1:place&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="background: white; color: #666666; font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;London&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:city&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="background: white; color: #666666; font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt; this week&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666; font-family: Arial;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 12px;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="border-bottom: dotted #999999 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: dotted #999999 1.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: dotted #999999 .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: dotted #999999 .75pt; padding: 2.0pt 0cm 2.0pt 0cm;"&gt;  &lt;h2 style="border: none; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-border-bottom-alt: dotted #999999 .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: dotted #999999 .75pt; mso-padding-alt: 2.0pt 0cm 2.0pt 0cm; padding: 0cm;"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="background: white; color: #333333; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;Education and&lt;span class="apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-size: 10.5pt;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/population" title="More from guardian.co.uk on Population"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #005689; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;population&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="apple-converted-space"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="background: white; color: #333333; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="background: white; color: #333333; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;–&lt;span class="apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-size: 10.5pt;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.crispintickell.com/" title=""&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #005689; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;Sir Crispin Tickell&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="background: white; color: #333333; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;Our society faces a rich complex of problems. Since the beginning of the industrial revolution some 250 years ago, our animal species has changed the character of the Earth's land surface, seas and atmosphere: hence the increasing use among geologists of the term&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.5pt;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropocene" title=""&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #005689; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;Anthropocene&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="apple-converted-space"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;to follow the Holocene epoch.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: 9.75pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;Of all the interconnected problems we face, perhaps the most serious is the proliferation of our own species. Our numbers rose from around one million 12,000 years ago to around one billion 250 years ago. Since then there has been an extraordinary acceleration from 2 billion in 1930 to 6 billion at the end of the century and now approaching 7 billion.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: 9.75pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;In seeking to cope with this problem, the role of education, and in particularly that of women, is critical. Where women have achieved broadly equal status with men, when there is provision for their old age, when they can use contraceptive devices, and most important when they are educated as full citizens, human fertility has dropped: in many industrial countries below replacement rate and elsewhere by a substantial margin. At the same time people are living longer, itself creating problems, and the introduction of new technologies risks increasing unemployment. More than half our species now lives in cities, well described recently as nests for a super-organism out of control. We have now to confront these problems in all their scope and complexity.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="border-bottom: dotted #999999 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: dotted #999999 1.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: dotted #999999 .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: dotted #999999 .75pt; padding: 2.0pt 0cm 2.0pt 0cm;"&gt;  &lt;h2 style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 0cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-size: 10.5pt;"&gt;The&lt;span class="apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/oceans" title="More from guardian.co.uk on Oceans"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #005689;"&gt;oceans&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;-&lt;span class="apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.joroyle.com/yacht-services/" title=""&gt;&lt;span style="color: #005689;"&gt;Jo Royle&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;With every breath we take and drop of&lt;span class="apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.5pt;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/water" title="More from guardian.co.uk on Water"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #005689; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;water&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="apple-converted-space"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;we drink we are connected to the ocean. Seventy two percent of our planet is ocean. The ocean drives global weather systems, absorbs the heat generated from our addiction to burning fossil fuels and provides the main source of protein for over a quarter of the world's population.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: 9.75pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;We live on a blue planet. The ocean breathes for the planet, with most photosynthesis occurring on the sea surface more than anywhere else. The health of future generations is dependent on the health of our ocean. However, silently and out of sight, the deep blue is suffering from our take-take relationship. We are getting dangerously close to the sea reaching its capacity to act as the planet's largest carbon sink. Depletion of the oceans fisheries, toxic contamination of the sea by industrial runoff and plastic pollution and acidification pose great threats to the health of the world's population.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;The oceans are clearly of critical importance in providing energy,&lt;span class="apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.5pt;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/food" title="More from guardian.co.uk on Food"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #005689; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;food&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;and economical security and drinking water. The blue planet teaches us about love, beauty, respect, sensuality and mystery. The ocean fuels our curiosity, imagination, well being and gives us a sense of clarity, meaning and purpose – the liquid planet is the greatest teacher. Would we get the same feeling of peace looking across a lifeless ocean?&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="border-bottom: dotted #999999 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: dotted #999999 1.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: dotted #999999 .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: dotted #999999 .75pt; padding: 2.0pt 0cm 2.0pt 0cm;"&gt;  &lt;h2 style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 0cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-size: 10.5pt;"&gt;Water -&lt;span class="apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://twitter.com/#!/yukinosaru" title=""&gt;&lt;span style="color: #005689;"&gt;Daniel Yeo&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;We can all relate to water - and any traveller can tell you about bad water and poor sanitation, including the English Commonwealth Games team and even in developed countries. Having the runs may make for a few embarrassing anecdotes, but it's no joke that&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.5pt;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(10)60549-1/abstract" title=""&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #005689; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;diarrhoea is the biggest killer of children in sub-Saharan Africa&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;. Preventable diarrhoea associated with dirty water and poor sanitation kills more children than Aids, malaria and TB combined.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: 9.75pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;And it's not just kids - water is fundamentally a gender issue. Women and girls bear the biggest burden - walking long distances in rural areas, queuing in line for hours in urban slums.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: 9.75pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;Poor water, sanitation and hygiene undermines maternal and child health and nutrition.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;Education -&lt;span class="apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.5pt;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://hdr.undp.org/en/reports/global/hdr2006/" title=""&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #005689; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;443m school days are lost to water related diseases&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;. Girls are more likely to stay in schools with separate female toilets.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: 9.75pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;These failings in human development put a cost on the economy, through lost lives, school days, work days and burden on health systems. The World Health Organisation estimates that every $1 invested in water generates $8 in wider economic benefits.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;And that's just water for drinking and health - water is also an economic resource - vital for food (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.5pt;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.unesco.org/water/wwap/wwdr/indicators/pdf/WWDR3_Table_7.1_excerpt_2.pdf" title=""&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #005689; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;70% of globally available freshwater is used for agriculture&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;) - and livelihoods. It is a critical ingredient for industry - almost every manufacturing process needs water. Finally, it's intertwined with energy – and not just through hydropower. Thermal power stations need water for cooling and for the steam needed to turn turbines.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: 9.75pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;Without water we have nothing.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="border-bottom: dotted #999999 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: dotted #999999 1.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: dotted #999999 .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: dotted #999999 .75pt; padding: 2.0pt 0cm 2.0pt 0cm;"&gt;  &lt;h2 style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 0cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-size: 10.5pt;"&gt;Energy –&lt;span class="apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/cif-green/2010/mar/19/no-carbon-economy" title=""&gt;&lt;span style="color: #005689;"&gt;Mike Mason&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: 9.75pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;What makes humans different from the animals is that we are the only species to harness energy from things we don't eat.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: 9.75pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;Using external energy is fundamental to being a human. And using more energy has through all history been the key to getting a better quality of life - more food, better transport, warmer (or cooler) homes and offices.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: 9.75pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;Our success as a species has led to runaway numbers of people, and runaway per capita use of energy. Multiply the two together and you hit the buffers.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: 9.75pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;Energy is the most difficult problem to deal with simply because it is the only one on the table that is intrinsic to the very concept of humanity.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: 9.75pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;Climate change driven by our urge to burn things is an existential threat - albeit a slow burning one. Thus solving the energy crisis is clearly critical to us as humans as much as energy use is critical. The race therefore is on - between our evolutionary heritage that will surely destroy us if left unconfined, and our ability to innovate our way out of the old ways, and into a new energy paradigm that is sustainable without asking us to go back to the cave - because that is the one outcome we can guarantee no population will willingly accept.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="border-bottom: dotted #999999 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: dotted #999999 1.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: dotted #999999 .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: dotted #999999 .75pt; padding: 2.0pt 0cm 2.0pt 0cm;"&gt;  &lt;h2 style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 0cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-size: 10.5pt;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/global-development/food-security" title="More from guardian.co.uk on Food security"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #005689;"&gt;Food security&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class="apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;-&lt;span class="apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.city.ac.uk/health/staff-directory/professor-tim-lang" title=""&gt;&lt;span style="color: #005689;"&gt;Prof Tim Lang&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: 9.75pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;The food challenge ahead is awesome. After a 20th century which celebrated the "success" of producing more food than ever in history, we now know human activity has undermined what has been done. A fearsome new complex of difficulties must be resolved: an oil-reliant food system (fertilisers, machines, transport); an environment under stress (climate change, water and soil); biodiversity loss (the plants and life on which we rely); land use competition (food vs fuel vs biodiversity vs ecosystems support).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: 9.75pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;Our voracious consumption is part of the problem. We eat feast-day food everyday, yet to eat like the &lt;/span&gt;&lt;st1:country-region&gt;&lt;st1:place&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;US&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:country-region&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt; or &lt;/span&gt;&lt;st1:country-region&gt;&lt;st1:place&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;UK&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:country-region&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt; requires multiple planets.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: 9.75pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;The now dominant analysis is that we need to feed 9 billion people by 2050 (up from nearly 7bn today) on less land in a time of ecosystem stress. New technical fixes, technologies, management, controls are urged on politicians. 70% more food is needed by 2050, they cry! Fund another heave to raise production, they say, downplaying how half of all grains grown on the planet are fed to animals.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: 9.75pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;Our system is hugely wasteful. Some 30-40% of what is bought fit to eat is thrown away. Our way of eating panders to an "eat what you like" consumerist culture. Actually there is plenty of food to go around today.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: 9.75pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;We need to think not just about whether there is food but what sort of diets, too. Simply, the future requires sustainable diets fed by sustainable food supply chains. We currently have neither.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;• &lt;/span&gt;&lt;st1:place&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;Mission&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt; Critical: The number one environmental challenge of the next 40 years is taking place on Thursday 13 October at &lt;/span&gt;&lt;st1:time hour="19" minute="0"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;7pm&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/st1:time&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;, at the Royal Geographical Society, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;st1:city&gt;&lt;st1:place&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;London&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:city&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;. Admission is free, but guests will be asked for a voluntary donation on the door. For tickets and further information visit&lt;span class="apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.5pt;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.earthwatch.org/" title=""&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #005689; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;www.earthwatch.org&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="apple-converted-space"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;or call 01865 318 294.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2969120026515649609-8471719838767126936?l=climaticchangenow.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://climaticchangenow.blogspot.com/feeds/8471719838767126936/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://climaticchangenow.blogspot.com/2011/10/what-should-be-top-environmental.html#comment-form' title='0 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2969120026515649609/posts/default/8471719838767126936'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2969120026515649609/posts/default/8471719838767126936'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://climaticchangenow.blogspot.com/2011/10/what-should-be-top-environmental.html' title='WHAT SHOULD BE THE TOP ENVIRONMENTAL PRIORITY FOR THE NEXT 40 YEARS?'/><author><name>Raymond Yeats</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/02830521344975824191</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-pGM04s9V9U4/TpWBlrnrMkI/AAAAAAAAAc8/59fUl1nYXxE/s72-c/Prioridad+ambiental.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2969120026515649609.post-7315472132361585853</id><published>2011-10-09T11:51:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2011-10-09T11:51:07.695-07:00</updated><title type='text'>New fresh water in Arctic could shift Gulf Stream</title><content type='html'>&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span class="apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 9.0pt;"&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;THE&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;GUARDIAN&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span class="apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 9.0pt;"&gt;AP foreign,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="apple-converted-space"&gt;&lt;span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 9.0pt;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;time datetime="2011-04-07" style="background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; border-collapse: collapse; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;/time&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 9.0pt;"&gt;Thursday April 7 2011&lt;/span&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;ARTHUR MAX&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-repeat: no-repeat; line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: 9.75pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;Associated Press= AMSTERDAM (AP) — Scientists are monitoring a massive pool of fresh water in the Arctic Ocean that could spill into the Atlantic and potentially alter the key ocean currents that give Western Europe its moderate climate.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-repeat: no-repeat; line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: 9.75pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;The oceanographers said Tuesday the unusual accumulation has been caused by Siberian and Canadian rivers dumping more water into the &lt;/span&gt;&lt;st1:place&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;Arctic&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt; and from melting sea ice. Both are consequences of global warming.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-repeat: no-repeat; line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: 9.75pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;If it flushes into the &lt;/span&gt;&lt;st1:place&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;Atlantic&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;, the infusion of fresh water could, in the worst case, change the ocean current that brings warmth from the tropics to European shores, said Laura De Steur of the Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-repeat: no-repeat; line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: 9.75pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;German researcher Benjamin Rabe, of the Alfred Wegener Institute, said the Arctic's fresh water content had increased 20 percent since the 1990s — about 8,400 cubic kilometers. That is the equivalent of all the water in &lt;/span&gt;&lt;st1:place&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;Lake  Michigan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt; and &lt;/span&gt;&lt;st1:place&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;Lake Huron&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt; together or double the volume of water in &lt;/span&gt;&lt;st1:place&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;Lake Victoria&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;st1:place&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;Africa&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;'s largest lake.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-repeat: no-repeat; line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: 9.75pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;Increased runoff from the great northern rivers "could potentially impact the large scale ocean circulation in the &lt;/span&gt;&lt;st1:place&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;Atlantic Ocean&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;. This is important for us in &lt;/span&gt;&lt;st1:place&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;Western Europe&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt; because our climate is pretty much dictated by the Thermohaline ocean circulation," said De Steur.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-repeat: no-repeat; line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: 9.75pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;The Thermohaline current loops like a conveyer belt from the tropics to the &lt;/span&gt;&lt;st1:place&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;North Atlantic&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;, driven by the differences in salt content and wind patterns. Warm water from the south gains in salinity and grows heavier as it cools. At its northern end, the current is further chilled by cold air and sinks, warming again and rising as it travels south.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-repeat: no-repeat; line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: 9.75pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;That cycle could be affected when the pool of fresh water is released into the &lt;/span&gt;&lt;st1:place&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;Atlantic&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;, said De Steur and Rabe. The icy water has been kept bottled up in the &lt;/span&gt;&lt;st1:place&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;Arctic&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt; by wind patterns, which have not shifted their general clockwise direction for the unusually long time of 12 years. Normally, the winds change at intervals of five to 10 years.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-repeat: no-repeat; line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: 9.75pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;The two scientists spoke to The Associated Press as part of a European Union initiative, called Clamer, to collate and publicize information from 300 EU-funded research projects conducted over the last 13 years on climate change and marine ecology. Rabe and colleagues from the Alfred Wegener Institute in &lt;/span&gt;&lt;st1:place&gt;&lt;st1:city&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;Bremerhaven&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/st1:city&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;st1:country-region&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;Germany&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/st1:country-region&gt;&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;, published their research last year in the journal Deep Sea Research on the effects of higher river runoff on ocean salinity.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-repeat: no-repeat; line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: 9.75pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;De Steur said most of the excess fresh water has collected in the &lt;/span&gt;&lt;st1:place&gt;&lt;st1:placename&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;Canada&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/st1:placename&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;st1:placetype&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;Basin&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/st1:placetype&gt;&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;, but in the last three years changes also have been noticed in the Eurasian side of the &lt;/span&gt;&lt;st1:place&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;Arctic Ocean&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-repeat: no-repeat; line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: 9.75pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;"It's important to monitor this to see if this can be transported to the &lt;/span&gt;&lt;st1:place&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;Atlantic&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;, where it might potentially effect the &lt;/span&gt;&lt;st1:place&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;Gulf Stream&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt; and the Thermohaline circulation," she said.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="background-repeat: no-repeat; line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: 9.75pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;Rabe cautioned that scientists have not been studying the situation long enough to predict what may happen, and the results of model simulations also were inconclusive.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2969120026515649609-7315472132361585853?l=climaticchangenow.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://climaticchangenow.blogspot.com/feeds/7315472132361585853/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://climaticchangenow.blogspot.com/2011/10/new-fresh-water-in-arctic-could-shift.html#comment-form' title='0 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2969120026515649609/posts/default/7315472132361585853'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2969120026515649609/posts/default/7315472132361585853'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://climaticchangenow.blogspot.com/2011/10/new-fresh-water-in-arctic-could-shift.html' title='New fresh water in Arctic could shift Gulf Stream'/><author><name>Raymond Yeats</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/02830521344975824191</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2969120026515649609.post-8509279495994954436</id><published>2011-10-06T11:13:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2011-10-06T11:14:07.449-07:00</updated><title type='text'>El deshielo del Ártico este año casi bate el récord histórico</title><content type='html'>&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-right: 7.5pt; mso-outline-level: 3; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; color: #464646; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;EL PAIS&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; color: #464646; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; color: #464646; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt;"&gt;La extensión helada media en septiembre ha sido de 4,61 millones de kilómetros cuadrados.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-right: 7.5pt; mso-outline-level: 3; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; color: #464646; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-FIco9lgrvTY/To3vm8rcyOI/AAAAAAAAAc4/szbixNL9n1M/s1600/deshielo+%25282%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="179" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-FIco9lgrvTY/To3vm8rcyOI/AAAAAAAAAc4/szbixNL9n1M/s320/deshielo+%25282%2529.jpg" width="320" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-right: 7.5pt; mso-outline-level: 3; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; color: #464646; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-right: 7.5pt; mso-outline-level: 3; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-right: 7.5pt; mso-outline-level: 3; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span class="apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #f4f4f4; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; color: #616161; font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt;"&gt;Imagen tomada por satélite en la que se aprecia que la mínima extensión helada en el Ártico este año, registrada el 9 de septiembre, es inferior a la media de las últimas tres décadas (línea amarilla) y que se ha abierto el paso de navegación del Noroeste (línea roja).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="agencia"&gt;&lt;span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #f4f4f4; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; color: #616161; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 7pt;"&gt;- NASA GODDARD?S SCIENTIFIC VISUALIZATION STUDIO&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; color: #464646; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt;"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-right: 7.5pt; mso-outline-level: 3; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: #414141; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 7.5pt;"&gt;A.R.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style="color: #414141; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 8.5pt;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: #414141; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 7.5pt;"&gt;- Madrid -&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; color: #414141; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 8.5pt;"&gt;04/10/2011&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-line-height-alt: .75pt; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 140%; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 140%;"&gt;El deshielo del Ártico en 2011 se ha quedado muy cerca del récord histórico de 2007, según los datos de la&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: #333333; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 140%;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.nasa.gov/"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #134d86;"&gt;NASA&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial;"&gt;tomados desde satélites. La extensión helada media en el mar septentrional en el mes de septiembre ha sido de 4,61 millones de kilómetros cuadrados (con un mínimo de 4,33 millones el 9 de septiembre). Esto significa que la cobertura de agua helada este año ha sido 2,43 millones de kilómetros cuadrados inferior a la media de 1979 a 2000.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 140%; margin-bottom: 9.75pt; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 140%;"&gt;Septiembre es el mes de referencia anual para medir la extensión helada y el alcance del deshielo ya que, a partir de ahora, hacia el invierno, aumenta de nuevo la superficie de hielo. Desde 1979, la extensión helada del Ártico ha disminuido un 12% por década, según informa la NASA en un comunicado.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 140%; margin-bottom: 9.75pt; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 140%;"&gt;El deshielo casi de récord se registra este año tras unas temperaturas este verano más altas que la media, pero sin las condiciones anómalas que en 2007 provocaron el récord. "El hielo marino no sólo está reduciéndose, sino que lo hace a mayor ritmo", comenta Joey comiso, científico de la NASA. "El hielo más viejo, más grueso, se reduce más rápido que el resto, aumentando la vulnerabilidad de la cubierta helada", añade.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 140%; margin-bottom: 9.75pt; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 140%;"&gt;Según los modelos de proyección climática que manejan los científicos, el Ártico perderá prácticamente todo el hielo en verano hacia finales de este siglo, pero los datos de los últimos años indican que el ritmo de deshielo es mayor de lo previsto, por lo que puede producirse antes esa pérdida total estacional de la capa helada.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2969120026515649609-8509279495994954436?l=climaticchangenow.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://climaticchangenow.blogspot.com/feeds/8509279495994954436/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://climaticchangenow.blogspot.com/2011/10/el-deshielo-del-artico-este-ano-casi.html#comment-form' title='0 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2969120026515649609/posts/default/8509279495994954436'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2969120026515649609/posts/default/8509279495994954436'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://climaticchangenow.blogspot.com/2011/10/el-deshielo-del-artico-este-ano-casi.html' title='El deshielo del Ártico este año casi bate el récord histórico'/><author><name>Raymond Yeats</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/02830521344975824191</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-FIco9lgrvTY/To3vm8rcyOI/AAAAAAAAAc4/szbixNL9n1M/s72-c/deshielo+%25282%2529.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2969120026515649609.post-4177919548336363598</id><published>2011-09-04T02:38:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2011-09-04T02:40:10.325-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Bifurcations et changements climatiques abrupts</title><content type='html'>&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Lucida Grande', Verdana, Lucida, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11px;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;dt class="portletHeader" style="background-color: #dee7ec; border-bottom-color: rgb(140, 172, 187); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-color: rgb(140, 172, 187); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(140, 172, 187); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(140, 172, 187); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; line-height: 1.6em; padding-bottom: 0em; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em; padding-top: 0em; text-transform: none;"&gt;LMD. France&lt;/dt&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;dt class="portletHeader" style="background-color: #dee7ec; border-bottom-color: rgb(140, 172, 187); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-color: rgb(140, 172, 187); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(140, 172, 187); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(140, 172, 187); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; line-height: 1.6em; padding-bottom: 0em; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em; padding-top: 0em; text-transform: none;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/dt&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;dt class="portletHeader" style="background-color: #dee7ec; border-bottom-color: rgb(140, 172, 187); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-color: rgb(140, 172, 187); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(140, 172, 187); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(140, 172, 187); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; line-height: 1.6em; padding-bottom: 0em; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em; padding-top: 0em; text-transform: none;"&gt;Sommaire&lt;/dt&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;dd class="portletItem" style="border-left-color: rgb(140, 172, 187); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(140, 172, 187); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; padding-top: 0.5em;"&gt;&lt;ol class="TOC1Digit" style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;li style="margin-bottom: 0.5em;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.lmd.jussieu.fr/recherche/themes/bifurcations-et-changements-climatiques-abrupts#section-0" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: #436976; text-decoration: none;"&gt;Variation des paléoclimats&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="margin-bottom: 0.5em;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.lmd.jussieu.fr/recherche/themes/bifurcations-et-changements-climatiques-abrupts#section-1" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: #436976; text-decoration: none;"&gt;Bifurcations dans le système climatique&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="margin-bottom: 0.5em;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.lmd.jussieu.fr/recherche/themes/bifurcations-et-changements-climatiques-abrupts#section-2" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: #436976; text-decoration: none;"&gt;Méthanisation&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ol&gt;&lt;/dd&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;h2 style="border-bottom-color: rgb(140, 172, 187); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: black; font-family: 'Lucida Grande', Verdana, Lucida, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; margin-bottom: 0.25em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"&gt;Variation des paléoclimats&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: 'Lucida Grande', Verdana, Lucida, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;em&gt;M. Ghil, D.D. Rousseau&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: 'Lucida Grande', Verdana, Lucida, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"&gt;La circulation atmosphérique est responsable en premier lieu de la distribution rapide de la chaleur et de l'humidité sur la Terre, et par conséquent détermine temps météorologique et climat régionaux, aussi bien de nos jours que par le passé. Tandis que l'atmosphère elle-même ne renferme pas d'archives pour la reconstruction des paléoclimats, elle a laissé d'abondantes traces comme les dépôts éoliens dans la glace et dans les sédiments terrestres et marins. Les enregistrements ainsi obtenus dans les dépôts éoliens suggèrent unanimement que la dynamique atmosphérique a été fortement variable pendant les stades isotopiques marins 2 et 3&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class="highlightedSearchTerm" style="background-color: #ffffaa;"&gt;du&lt;/span&gt;rant le dernier cycle interglaciaire glaciaire&amp;nbsp;: des intervalles extrêmement poussiéreux alternant rapidement avec des intervalles non poussiéreux sur des échelles millénaires voire plus courtes. Les enregistrements obtenus dans les différentes régions européennes permettant des reconstructions détaillées de la circulation atmosphérique. Ces travaux sont utilisables dans une perspective de&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class="highlightedSearchTerm" style="background-color: #ffffaa;"&gt;changement&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;futur&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class="highlightedSearchTerm" style="background-color: #ffffaa;"&gt;du&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;climat. Les variations atmosphériques fortes survenues pendant le dernier intervalle glaciaire fournissent de bonnes références pour permettre de mieux contraindre les modèles de circulation atmosphérique. Cependant, ceci exige au préalable une bonne connaissance des structures spatiales de paléo-circulation atmosphérique régnant à diverses échelles régionales, aussi bien que les phases précises de la variabilité atmosphérique en relation avec d'autres paramètres des&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class="highlightedSearchTerm" style="background-color: #ffffaa;"&gt;changement&lt;/span&gt;s climatique et environnemental. Le projet Actes prévoit donc de combiner les évidences des enregistrements éoliens européens en particulier dans la glace groenlandaise, et celles qui sont issues des simulations de modèles de la circulation atmosphérique passée, en particulier pendant des&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class="highlightedSearchTerm" style="background-color: #ffffaa;"&gt;changement&lt;/span&gt;s abrupts donnés&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class="highlightedSearchTerm" style="background-color: #ffffaa;"&gt;du&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;climat, tels les événements de Dansgaard-Oeschger et de Heinrich. Le but sera de synthétiser la connaissance relative à la dynamique atmosphérique passée en Europe&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class="highlightedSearchTerm" style="background-color: #ffffaa;"&gt;du&lt;/span&gt;rant ces épisodes, et de définir les limites actuelles de notre compréhension afin de pouvoir formuler les questions liminaires à ce projet pour proposer des simulations prédictives des futures conditions climatiques.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: 'Lucida Grande', Verdana, Lucida, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"&gt;Pour le passé plus récent, et dans la région méditerranéenne, il existe des données instrumentales et des enregistrements paléo-climatiques marins et terrestres de différents types qui permettent d’approfondir l’évolution&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class="highlightedSearchTerm" style="background-color: #ffffaa;"&gt;du&lt;/span&gt;climat de l’hémisphère nord, à l’échelle des décennies et des siècles. Pour les deux derniers millénaires, un groupe italien a obtenu des carottes marines dans la Méditerranée centrale qui ont conservé plusieurs enregistrements isotopiques et des couches fines de pyroxènes d’origine volcanique. Ces couches ont pu être corrélées avec des éruptions volcaniques historiquement datées, permettant ainsi une datation absolue de ces enregistrements. L’analyse de ces séries temporelles donne une clef intéressante à l’étude de la séparation entre variabilité naturelle et anthropique dans cette région, fortement influencée pendant les dernières décennies par l’in&lt;span class="highlightedSearchTerm" style="background-color: #ffffaa;"&gt;du&lt;/span&gt;strialisation de l’Europe. Nous chercherons à déceler l’influence croissante de l’in&lt;span class="highlightedSearchTerm" style="background-color: #ffffaa;"&gt;du&lt;/span&gt;strialisation depuis le milieu&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class="highlightedSearchTerm" style="background-color: #ffffaa;"&gt;du&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;XIXe siècle, en utilisant les données instrumentales disponibles en abondance pendant le dernier siècle et demi, et nous extrapolerons ces résultats, selon les scénarios&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class="highlightedSearchTerm" style="background-color: #ffffaa;"&gt;du&lt;/span&gt;Giec, pour les décennies futures.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: 'Lucida Grande', Verdana, Lucida, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"&gt;Des études récentes ont permis de relier les enregistrements des crues&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class="highlightedSearchTerm" style="background-color: #ffffaa;"&gt;du&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;Nil depuis le début&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class="highlightedSearchTerm" style="background-color: #ffffaa;"&gt;du&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;VIIe siècle avec l’Oscillation Nord Atlantique. Ceci motive des recherches plus approfondies sur les liens entre cette oscillation, Enso, et le climat&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class="highlightedSearchTerm" style="background-color: #ffffaa;"&gt;du&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;Moyen-Orient, en utilisant des données instrumentales de température et de pluviométrie&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class="highlightedSearchTerm" style="background-color: #ffffaa;"&gt;du&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;bord est de la Méditerranée, ainsi que les enregistrements des crues&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class="highlightedSearchTerm" style="background-color: #ffffaa;"&gt;du&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;Nil et de dendrochronologie pour le dernier siècle et demi. Ces recherches s’intégreront dans les autres programmes auxquels participe le laboratoire dans cette région, et permettront d’améliorer les prévisions climatiques sur plusieurs années, ou décennies, sur le climat et l’hydrologie de la région.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: 'Lucida Grande', Verdana, Lucida, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;u&gt;Collaborations&lt;/u&gt;&amp;nbsp;: International Research Institute for Climate and Society et Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory (Columbia University), LSCE (C. Hatté, G. Ramstein, M. Kagayema, F.&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class="highlightedSearchTerm" style="background-color: #ffffaa;"&gt;Du&lt;/span&gt;lac, Y. Balkanski), LGP à Meudon (P. Antoine)&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: 'Lucida Grande', Verdana, Lucida, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: transparent; font-family: 'Lucida Grande', Verdana, Lucida, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=2969120026515649609&amp;amp;postID=4177919548336363598" name="section-1" style="background-color: transparent; color: #436976;"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;h2 style="border-bottom-color: rgb(140, 172, 187); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: black; font-family: 'Lucida Grande', Verdana, Lucida, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; margin-bottom: 0.25em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span class="highlightedSearchTerm" style="background-color: #ffffaa;"&gt;Bifurcations&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;dans le système climatique&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: 'Lucida Grande', Verdana, Lucida, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;em&gt;F. D’Andrea, M. Ghil&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: 'Lucida Grande', Verdana, Lucida, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"&gt;L’existence de&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class="highlightedSearchTerm" style="background-color: #ffffaa;"&gt;bifurcations&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;dans les modèles non linéaires de l’océan, de l’atmosphère et&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class="highlightedSearchTerm" style="background-color: #ffffaa;"&gt;du&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;climat est connue depuis les années 1960. De nombreux travaux tant pour l’océan ou la convection, puis, dans les années 1970, pour les modèles de bilan énergétique&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class="highlightedSearchTerm" style="background-color: #ffffaa;"&gt;du&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;climat ont clairement illustré les&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class="highlightedSearchTerm" style="background-color: #ffffaa;"&gt;changement&lt;/span&gt;s&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class="highlightedSearchTerm" style="background-color: #ffffaa;"&gt;brusque&lt;/span&gt;s de comportement associés à ces&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class="highlightedSearchTerm" style="background-color: #ffffaa;"&gt;bifurcations&lt;/span&gt;: équilibres multiples, oscillations autoentretenues et comportements chaotiques en réponse à un&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class="highlightedSearchTerm" style="background-color: #ffffaa;"&gt;changement&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;de paramètre comme l’intensité de l’insolation au sommet de l’atmosphère ou celle des vents à la surface de la mer.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: 'Lucida Grande', Verdana, Lucida, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"&gt;Ces&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class="highlightedSearchTerm" style="background-color: #ffffaa;"&gt;bifurcations&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;ont attiré beaucoup plus d’attention récemment de la part des médias et&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class="highlightedSearchTerm" style="background-color: #ffffaa;"&gt;du&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;grand public. Des articles de vulgarisation et de livres ont énuméré un nombre croissant de « points de chavirement », plus ou moins plausibles, comme l’écroulement de la circulation thermohaline, la déviation&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class="highlightedSearchTerm" style="background-color: #ffffaa;"&gt;du&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;Gulf Stream, ou la méthanisation massive suite à la fonte&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class="highlightedSearchTerm" style="background-color: #ffffaa;"&gt;du&lt;/span&gt;pergélisol et la libération d’hydrate de méthane. Ces « points de chavirement », affecteraient, chacun séparément ou plusieurs à la fois, le bilan énergétique&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class="highlightedSearchTerm" style="background-color: #ffffaa;"&gt;du&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;système climatique, en nous précipitant dans des catastrophes irrémédiables ou presque. Les travaux&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class="highlightedSearchTerm" style="background-color: #ffffaa;"&gt;du&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;laboratoire dans les années 1980 et depuis ont contribué de façon considérable à étendre l’étude des&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class="highlightedSearchTerm" style="background-color: #ffffaa;"&gt;bifurcations&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;dans les modèles atmosphériques et autres modèles climatiques vers des situations de plus en plus réalistes. L’application des méthodes numériques dites de continuation permet aujourd’hui d’étudier les&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class="highlightedSearchTerm" style="background-color: #ffffaa;"&gt;bifurcations&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;dans des modèles « intermédiaires »&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class="highlightedSearchTerm" style="background-color: #ffffaa;"&gt;du&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;climat, avec des dizaines de milliers de variables.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: 'Lucida Grande', Verdana, Lucida, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"&gt;En même temps, des méthodes d’analyse des séries temporelles ont été développées pour étudier des cycles limite et autres traces des&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class="highlightedSearchTerm" style="background-color: #ffffaa;"&gt;bifurcations&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;dans les données d’observation. Nous proposons de combiner ces approches d’analyse mathématique et statistique, sur des modèles et des données, pour vérifier la présence de&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class="highlightedSearchTerm" style="background-color: #ffffaa;"&gt;bifurcations&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;et les caractériser dans des données instrumentales et paléo-climatiques. À partir de ces résultats que nous compléterons par des analyses plus détaillées, nous effectuerons des simulations de climats futurs avec une hiérarchie de modèles (simples, intermédiaires et modèles de circulation générale à moyenne et haute résolution), pour évaluer la possibilité et plausibilité de plusieurs « points de chavirement » proposés dans la littérature. Dans la mesure où de tels points s’avéreraient effectivement être présents dans des simulations avec l’un ou l’autre scénario d’émission de gaz à effet de serre et d’aérosols, nous estimerons la fourchette des paramètres pour laquelle tel point serait inévitable et les mesures d’adaptation et de mitigation qui s’imposeraient (Section II-2-3).&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: 'Lucida Grande', Verdana, Lucida, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;u&gt;Collaborations&lt;/u&gt;&amp;nbsp;: LSCE, INLN (CNRS, Nice), EAPS Dept.(Harvard Univ.), Dept. Atmosphere - Ocean et IGPP (UCLA), IMAU (Utrecht University), Univ. of Hamburg, Dept. de Physique(Univ. Roma I, "La Sapienza")&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="margin-bottom: 0.75em;"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Lucida Grande', Verdana, Lucida, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: transparent; font-family: 'Lucida Grande', Verdana, Lucida, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=2969120026515649609&amp;amp;postID=4177919548336363598" name="section-2" style="background-color: transparent; color: #436976;"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;h2 style="border-bottom-color: rgb(140, 172, 187); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: black; font-family: 'Lucida Grande', Verdana, Lucida, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; margin-bottom: 0.25em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"&gt;Méthanisation&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: 'Lucida Grande', Verdana, Lucida, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;em&gt;P. Flamant&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: 'Lucida Grande', Verdana, Lucida, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"&gt;Les principaux gaz à effet de serre, en dehors de la vapeur d’eau, sont&amp;nbsp;: le gaz carbonique CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;, le méthane CH&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;&amp;nbsp;et le protoxyde d’azote N&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O. Leurs concentrations dans l'atmosphère depuis le début de l'ère in&lt;span class="highlightedSearchTerm" style="background-color: #ffffaa;"&gt;du&lt;/span&gt;strielle ont fortement augmenté. Le méthane, bien que 200 fois moins concentré que le CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;&amp;nbsp;atmosphérique, pourrait jouer un rôle très important car il a un coefficient de forçage radiatif d'environ 20 fois supérieur à celui&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class="highlightedSearchTerm" style="background-color: #ffffaa;"&gt;du&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;. Si la contribution&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class="highlightedSearchTerm" style="background-color: #ffffaa;"&gt;du&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;atmosphérique à un&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class="highlightedSearchTerm" style="background-color: #ffffaa;"&gt;changement&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;climatique est généralement vue comme un phénomène continu lent et inexorable, certains évoquent l'éventualité d'une méthanisation massive et rapide de l’atmosphère avec un effet d'emballement. Une méthanisation massive pourrait en effet résulter de la fonte des sols gelés (pergélisol) aux hautes latitudes. Les sols gelés emprisonnent de très forte densité de carbone organique ancien dont la décomposition bactérienne en conditions anoxiques entraînerait une très forte pro&lt;span class="highlightedSearchTerm" style="background-color: #ffffaa;"&gt;du&lt;/span&gt;ction de méthane. Cette fonte entraînerait non seulement l’émission de méthane gazeux dans l’atmosphère, mais aussi la formation de zones marécageuses éten&lt;span class="highlightedSearchTerm" style="background-color: #ffffaa;"&gt;du&lt;/span&gt;es qui elles-mêmes seraient des sources de pro&lt;span class="highlightedSearchTerm" style="background-color: #ffffaa;"&gt;du&lt;/span&gt;ction de méthane gazeux. La pro&lt;span class="highlightedSearchTerm" style="background-color: #ffffaa;"&gt;du&lt;/span&gt;ction de méthane par les zones marécageuses éten&lt;span class="highlightedSearchTerm" style="background-color: #ffffaa;"&gt;du&lt;/span&gt;es est un problème général et les zones tropicales (en particulier le bassin amazonien) sont mal connues en tant que sources de méthane. Par ailleurs, un réchauffement des océans pourrait rendre instables les hydrates de méthane solide piégés dans les sédiments des plateaux continentaux et ainsi libérer&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class="highlightedSearchTerm" style="background-color: #ffffaa;"&gt;du&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;méthane à l’état gazeux. Or, des gisements de clarathes (hydrate de méthane) ont été identifiés un peu partout sur les différentes marges continentales. Récemment, des observations ont mis en évidence des concentrations anormales de CH&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;&amp;nbsp;en Sibérie dans le delta&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class="highlightedSearchTerm" style="background-color: #ffffaa;"&gt;du&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;fleuve Lena qui débouche dans l’océan Arctique. Ainsi, et en peu de temps, la concentration de méthane atmosphérique pourrait être multipliée par 12 ce qui serait considérable d’un point de vue climatique.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: 'Lucida Grande', Verdana, Lucida, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.75em; text-align: justify;"&gt;Un projet de mission (Omélie) centré sur la mesure&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class="highlightedSearchTerm" style="background-color: #ffffaa;"&gt;du&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;CH&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;&amp;nbsp;atmosphérique a été soumis par le laboratoire au Cnes en 2008 dans le cadre d’un appel à idées. Le projet Omélie s’il était retenu s’inscrirait dans la problématique des&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class="highlightedSearchTerm" style="background-color: #ffffaa;"&gt;changement&lt;/span&gt;s abrupts pour le climat présent. Omélie qui requiert des développements préparatoires et un démonstrateur aéroporté ne pourra se faire que dans le cadre&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class="highlightedSearchTerm" style="background-color: #ffffaa;"&gt;du&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;Pôle Instrumentation Innovante et Spatiales (PI2S) de l’IPSL et de l’incubateur Polimi qui se met en place sous la responsabilité&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class="highlightedSearchTerm" style="background-color: #ffffaa;"&gt;du&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;laboratoire à l’École Polytechnique.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2969120026515649609-4177919548336363598?l=climaticchangenow.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='related' href='http://www.lmd.jussieu.fr' title='Bifurcations et changements climatiques abrupts'/><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://climaticchangenow.blogspot.com/feeds/4177919548336363598/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://climaticchangenow.blogspot.com/2011/09/bifurcations-et-changements-climatiques.html#comment-form' title='0 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2969120026515649609/posts/default/4177919548336363598'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2969120026515649609/posts/default/4177919548336363598'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://climaticchangenow.blogspot.com/2011/09/bifurcations-et-changements-climatiques.html' title='Bifurcations et changements climatiques abrupts'/><author><name>Raymond Yeats</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/02830521344975824191</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2969120026515649609.post-1183085827009159233</id><published>2011-09-03T04:00:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2011-09-03T04:00:12.127-07:00</updated><title type='text'>• التغيرات المناخية</title><content type='html'>&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt; margin-left: 30.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: right; text-indent: -18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style="color: #999999; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 7.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"&gt;&lt;span&gt;·&lt;span style="font: 7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style="background: white; color: #999999; font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 7.0pt;"&gt;الثلاثاء, يونيو 16, 2009, 18:02&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt; margin-left: 30.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: right; text-indent: -18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style="color: #999999; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 7.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"&gt;&lt;span&gt;·&lt;span style="font: 7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style="background: white; color: #999999; font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 7.0pt;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.env-news.com/?cat=62" title="شاهد جميع التدوينات في تصنيف التغيرات المناخية"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #003300; font-size: 7.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;"&gt;التغيرات المناخية&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt; margin-left: 30.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: right; text-indent: -18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style="color: #999999; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 7.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"&gt;&lt;span&gt;·&lt;span style="font: 7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style="background: white; color: #999999; font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 7.0pt;"&gt;212 views&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt; margin-left: 30.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: right; text-indent: -18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style="color: #999999; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 7.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"&gt;&lt;span&gt;·&lt;span style="font: 7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style="background: white; color: #999999; font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 7.0pt;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.env-news.com/?p=191#comments"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #003300; font-size: 7.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;"&gt;أضف تعليقاً&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 19.2pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; text-align: right; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;&lt;span style="background: white; color: #555555; font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 9.0pt;"&gt;على ما يبدو فإن زمن وفاق قوى الطبيعة مع الجنس البشري قد انقضي بلا رجعة، وعلى ما يبدو فإن الإنسان أصبح عدو محيطه، بل عدو نفسه الأول، وذلك بما اقترف من أفعال خاطئة وسلوكيات استهلاكية أقل ما توصف به أنها جائرة وتفوق قدرة أي نظام بيولوجي أو إيكولوجي على الاستمرارية وعلى التحمل.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 19.2pt; text-align: right; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;&lt;span style="background: white; color: #555555; font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 9.0pt;"&gt;ينجلي هذا بوضوح من ردة بعض نظم الأرض البيئية علينا، ومن انتشاء متسلسلة الزلازل والعواصف والأعاصير والفيضانات المدمرة من حالة المهادنة التي عقدتها معنا خلال الأزمنة الماضية، وينجلي أيضا من ترهل حالة كوكب الأرض، وإصابته بجملة من المشاكل والمخاطر البيئية المحدقة، ليس أقلها انتشار الأمراض والأوبئة الفتاكة والغامضة، وفقد التنوع الحيوي وانقراض الكائنات، وزيادة موجات الجفاف ودرجة التصحر.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 19.2pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; text-align: right; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;&lt;span style="background: white; color: #555555; font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 9.0pt;"&gt;فضلا عن تبدل أحوال المناخ وتنامي ظاهرة الاحتباس الحراري، صاحبة الفضل الأوحد فيما تعانيه المعمورة حاليا من سخونة غير معهودة، واتشاح وجه البشرية بكل معالم العرق والغرق والقلق.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.8pt; mso-outline-level: 3; text-align: right; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: #333333; font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 7.5pt; letter-spacing: -.75pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;"&gt;بواعث التغير المناخي وتداعياته&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Lucida Sans&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.5pt; letter-spacing: -.75pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 19.2pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; text-align: right; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;&lt;span style="background: white; color: #555555; font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 9.0pt;"&gt;من بين كل القضايا والمشاكل البيئية الثائرة تبقى قضية تغير المناخ، هي القضية الأكثر سخونة والأكثر إلحاحا على المجتمع الدولي حاليا، وذلك بما تفرضه من تأثيرات وتداعيات مستقبلية خطيرة، ليس أقلها جفاف بعض الأنهار وغرق أجزاء شاسعة من المناطق الساحلية، وتبدل خريطة مناطق الإنتاج الزراعي في العالم، وغير ذلك مما لا طاقة لنا به أو مقدرة.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 19.2pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; text-align: right; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;&lt;span style="background: white; color: #555555; font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 9.0pt;"&gt;والحقيقة أن ظاهرة الاحتباس الحراري هي الباعث الأكبر على ما يحدث من تغير مناخي، فالانبعاثات والغازات الصناعية الضارة التي ينفثها الإنسان بلا هوادة كل دقيقة، بل كل ثانية في محيطه، تتصاعد لتتركز في الغلاف الجوي مسببة ما يعرف بتأثير الصوبة الزجاجية وهي انحباس الحرارة في الحيز الجوي القريب من سطح الارض، ما يؤدي إلى ارتفاع درجة حرارة هذا الحيز بشكل ملحوظ ومتنام.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 19.2pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; text-align: right; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;&lt;span style="background: white; color: #555555; font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 9.0pt;"&gt;وهذا بدوره يؤدي إلى زيادة معدلات البخر، ومن ثم زيادة كميات السحب عن معدلاتها، وبالتالي تغير توزيع ونسب وتوقيتات سقوط الأمطار في العالم، كما يؤدي إلى تغيرات كبيرة في الضغط الجوي، ومن ثم تغير مسارات الرياح السائدة.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 19.2pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; text-align: right; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;&lt;span style="background: white; color: #555555; font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 9.0pt;"&gt;وهذا في مجمله يعني زيادة الجفاف والتصحر في مناطق محددة من العالم دون أخرى، ويعني نقص الموارد المائية ومياه الشرب في بعض المناطق ونماءها في مناطق أخرى.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 19.2pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; text-align: right; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;&lt;span style="background: white; color: #555555; font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 9.0pt;"&gt;كما يعني اختلال تركيبة المحاصيل الزراعية، وبالتالي تغير خريطة الإنتاج الغذائي العالمي، بل ليس بمستبعد في ظل هذا الوضع أن يتطور الأمر إلى حروب مسلحة ونزاعات إقليمية، نتيجة تزايد الصراع على موارد المياه، ونتيجة الخلافات التي ستفرضها الهجرات الجماعية الناشئة عن المجاعات والفيضانات وغيرها من الأزمات.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 19.2pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; text-align: right; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;&lt;span style="background: white; color: #555555; font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 9.0pt;"&gt;غير أن أخطر تأثيرات الاحترار العالمي تتمثل في ذوبان أجزاء شاسعة من الكتل الجليدية في القارة القطبية، وزيادة حجم الكتل المائية في المحيطات والبحار الداخلية، وهو ما سيؤدي إلى ارتفاع منسوب سطح البحر بشكل ملحوظ ومؤثر، وطغيان البحر بالتالي على أجزاء واسعة من اليابسة، فيما يشبه طوفانا ثانيا كبيرا، وإن بدا أن هناك فرصة سانحة للنجاة منه.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 19.2pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; text-align: right; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;&lt;span style="background: white; color: #555555; font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 9.0pt;"&gt;من التأثيرات الخطيرة أيضا التسبب في ضعف حركة التيارات الساحلية الدافئة في المحيطات وتغير مداها ومساراتها، وهذا بدوره سوف يجعل أوروبا الشمالية أكثر برودة، وسوف يتسبب في دمار مساحات متزايدة من الشعاب المرجانية والموائل البحرية الأخرى الحساسة المماثلة.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 19.2pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; text-align: right; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;&lt;span style="background: white; color: #555555; font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 9.0pt;"&gt;المؤسف والمحزن أن تداعيات التغير المناخي وآثاره سوف تكون أشد وأقسى على الفقراء وعلى البلاد الأكثر فقرا، وهذا لسبب بسيط، هو أنها الأقل استعدادا والأقل قدرة على مواجهة ومجابهة مخاطر وآثار تلك المشكلة الخطيرة.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 19.2pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; text-align: right; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;&lt;span style="background: white; color: #555555; font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 9.0pt;"&gt;المحزن أكثر أن التغير المناخي سيتسبب في فقد أشياء لن يكون بمقدرونا إرجاعها أو حتى تعويضها. ارتفاع مستوى البحر مثلا سوف يتسبب في اختفاء مساحات هائلة من غابات المانجروف الساحلية ومن الحيود المرجانية العالمية، وهي من أكثر الموائل البيولوجية إنتاجية ومن أكثرها نفعا للإنسانية.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 19.2pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; text-align: right; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;&lt;span style="background: white; color: #555555; font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 9.0pt;"&gt;كما سيتسبب في غرق أجزاء كبيرة من السواحل خاصة أمام الدلتاوات البحرية، التي تعد من أكثر المناطق خصوبة ومن أكثرها غنى بالمصايد السمكية، كما هو حال دلتا نهر النيل، ودلتا نهر الميكونج بالصين، ومنطقة شط العرب، وغيرها.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.8pt; mso-outline-level: 3; text-align: right; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: #333333; font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 7.5pt; letter-spacing: -.75pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;"&gt;تغير المناخ بين الاستنفار العالمي والسبات العربي&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Lucida Sans&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.5pt; letter-spacing: -.75pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 19.2pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; text-align: right; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;&lt;span style="background: white; color: #555555; font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 9.0pt;"&gt;اللافت أن الاهتمام العالمي بقضية التغير المناخي قد بلغ درجة عظيمة لم تبلغها سابقا أي قضية علمية مماثلة، ومن معالم ذلك، حمل مجلس الأمن الدولي على مناقشتها وبحث تداعياتها، وهو أمر جديد تماما على مجلس أممي معني أساسا ببحث النزاعات والصراعات الدولية، وهذا وحده يوضح مدى خطورة الأمر ومدى الاهتمام والاستنفار العالمي به.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 19.2pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; text-align: right; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;&lt;span style="background: white; color: #555555; font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 9.0pt;"&gt;الغريب أنه في ظل هذا الاهتمام العالمي، وفي ظل تزايد عدد المبادرات والحملات والجهود البيئية الصادرة يوميا من مختلف أرجاء الأرض، بغرض إنقاذ الموقف والتعامل معه، لم نسمع عن إجراء أو نشاط عربي جدي واحد، يذكر العالم بأننا معنيون بالأمر، سواء كان هذا على مستوى التخطيط الإستراتيجي أو التوعية العامة أو خلافه.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 19.2pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; text-align: right; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;&lt;span style="background: white; color: #555555; font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 9.0pt;"&gt;فعلى صعيد التخطيط الإستراتيجي لم تكلف أي حكومة عربية نفسها بوضع أي خطط مستقبلية سواء لمواجهة مخاطر التغير المناخي، أو لإعادة تخطيط استخدامات الأراضي الساحلية الحالية، بما يتناسب مع الواقع المستقبلي، وبما يتناسب أيضا مع متطلبات التنمية.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 19.2pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; text-align: right; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;&lt;span style="background: white; color: #555555; font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 9.0pt;"&gt;المنطقة العربية تزخر مثلا بما لا يقل عن 20 ألف كيلومتر من السواحل الممتدة، يقطن بالقرب منها وعلى مشارفها ما لا يقل عن ثلثي السكان العرب، ومع ذلك لا زالت هناك مشاريع حيوية بل ومنشآت إستراتيجية هامة، تقام عليها كل يوم، وهذا دون اعتبار حجم الخسارة الناتجة، إذا ما تعرضت هذه السواحل لخطر الغرق مستقبلا.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 19.2pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; text-align: right; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;&lt;span style="background: white; color: #555555; font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 9.0pt;"&gt;نفس الأمر ينطبق على مستقبل الإنتاج الزراعي في بلادنا، وعلى احتياجتنا من الموراد المائية، حيث لم تهتم غالبية دول المنطقة بإيجاد أو بتطوير بدائل زراعية مناسبة، ولا بالبحث عن سبل لتنمية مواردها المائية أو ترشيد استهلاكها المائي.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 19.2pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; text-align: right; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;&lt;span style="background: white; color: #555555; font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 9.0pt;"&gt;الأسوأ من هذا أن يعمد بعض المسؤولين العرب إلى التهميش والتهوين من الأمر بشكل فج ومبالغ فيه، تارة بحجة عدم إثارة البلبلة، وتارة أخرى بالادعاء بأننا مستهدفون وأن هناك مؤامرة!&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 19.2pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; text-align: right; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;&lt;span style="background: white; color: #555555; font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 9.0pt;"&gt;مثال ذلك ما صرح به مسؤول كبير في الحكومة المصرية الحالية، وهو بالمناسبة عالم متخصص في المياه والري، في تعليق له على تصريحات وزيرة الخارجية البريطانية بتعرض نهر النيل للجفاف ودلتاه للغرق نتيجة التغير المناخي، بأن هذا التحذير له “مضمون سياسي” ولا يهدف سوى إلى “إثارة البلبلة” بين دول حوض النيل!&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 19.2pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; text-align: right; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;&lt;span style="background: white; color: #555555; font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 9.0pt;"&gt;هذا على مستوى الإدارة وعلى مستوى التخطيط الإستراتيجي، أما على صعيد البحث العلمي وهو قطاع مهم للغاية في هذه القضية، فالأمر يثير حقيقة كثيرا من الحزن والشجن.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 19.2pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; text-align: right; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;&lt;span style="background: white; color: #555555; font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 9.0pt;"&gt;الداعي لهذا أن الدوريات العلمية العالمية تكاد تخلو، على مدار عقد أو أكثر من النشر العلمي، من بحث عربي واحد ممنهج ومتكامل عن الآثار الإقليمية للتغير المناخي، وهذا رغم الحاجة الماسة لمعرفة مدى تأثير هذه الظاهرة على مستقبل المنطقة وعلى ثرواتها ومقدراتها.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 19.2pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; text-align: right; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;&lt;span style="background: white; color: #555555; font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 9.0pt;"&gt;الملاحظ أيضا غياب المؤسسات العلمية ومراكز البحوث العربية عن جميع الفعاليات والأنشطة العلمية الدولية المنوطة ببحث ظاهرة التغير المناخي، ويكفي هنا أن نذكر أن جميع الدراسات والتقارير الدولية الصادرة بشأن هذه المسألة لم تتصدر مطبوعاتها للأسف أسم هيئة علمية عربية واحدة، كما لم يقدم أي مركز بحثي عربي أي مساهمة أو جهد يذكر لتقديم ولو رؤية مغايرة بشأنها.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.8pt; mso-outline-level: 3; text-align: right; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: #333333; font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 7.5pt; letter-spacing: -.75pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;"&gt;معطيات غائبة بشأن الطوفان المنتظر&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Lucida Sans&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.5pt; letter-spacing: -.75pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 19.2pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; text-align: right; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;&lt;span style="background: white; color: #555555; font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 9.0pt;"&gt;ينبغي القول بأن الصورة ليست غاية في القتامة بشأن تداعيات التغير المناخي، فمع التسليم بأن هناك فعلا عددا من التأثيرات والتداعيات السلبية والخطيرة، كما أوضحنا آنفا، هناك أيضا بعض المعطيات والاعتبارات الإيجابية التي قد تضيء المشهد قليلا، نذكر منها هنا تلك المتعلقة بغرق المناطق الساحلية، وطغيان البحر، باعتبارها من أخطر تداعيات التغير المناخي، وأكثرها جسامة:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 19.2pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; text-align: right; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;&lt;span style="background: white; color: #555555; font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 9.0pt;"&gt;أولى هذه الاعتبارات أن ارتفاع مستوى البحر بسبب الاحترار العالمي وذوبان الكتل الجليدية هي فرضية مشروطة باستمرار معدلات التلوث الجوي على النحو السائد حاليا ومشروطة أيضا بعدم قدرة المجتمع العالمي على الحد من الغازات والانبعاثات الضارة المحفزة على التغير المناخي وأبرزها ثاني أكسيد الكربون.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 19.2pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; text-align: right; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;&lt;span style="background: white; color: #555555; font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 9.0pt;"&gt;وهذا معناه أنه لازال هناك أمل وبادرة أن يتم درء وتجنب ذلك الخطر، ولعل تعاظم وتشديد الجهود الدولية في الفترة الأخيرة، وليونة موقف أميركا، أكبر ملوث في العالم حاليا، تجاه المبادرات والاتفاقيات الهادفة للحد من الانبعاثات الضارة توحي وتزيد من هذا الأمل.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 19.2pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; text-align: right; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;&lt;span style="background: white; color: #555555; font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 9.0pt;"&gt;ثانيها أن مستوى سطح البحر أيا كان مقداره، وغرق أجزاء من السواحل أيا كان موقعها، لن يحدث بين يوم وليلة أو فجأة كما يتخيل البعض، بل سيأخذ ذلك بعض الوقت، وبالتالي ستكون هناك فرصة أكيدة لإجلاء وتهجير ساكني وقاطني هذه السواحل، ما يعني اقتصار مشكلة ارتفاع مستوى سطح البحر على الأضرار باقتصاديات هذه المناطق وعلى فقد مساحات شاسعة من الأراضي الساحلية، وهي مع الاعتراف بأنها من الخسائر الفادحة، فالأمر لن ينطوي على غرقنا فجأة كما هو معتقد.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 19.2pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; text-align: right; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;&lt;span style="background: white; color: #555555; font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 9.0pt;"&gt;ثالث هذ الاعتبارات أنه مقابل وجود احتمالية لارتفاع مستوى البحر بسبب أنشطة الإنسان الصناعية وغازات الدفيئة المنبعثة منها، هناك أيضا وفي المقابل احتمالية لحدوث تغير طبيعي (انخفاضا أو ارتفاعا) في مستوى البحر.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 19.2pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; text-align: right; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;&lt;span style="background: white; color: #555555; font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 9.0pt;"&gt;وهي ظاهرة طبيعية تعرف باسم, (التغيرات الثابتة في مستوى سطح البحر) تطال البحر تلقائيا كل فترة، ما يعني أن الظروف قد تكون رحيمة بنا بعض الشيء، وهذا إذا ما حدث انخفاض طبيعي في مستوى البحر، متزامن مع ذوبان الكتل الجليدية أو قبلها، ما يعني التخفيف من آثار الارتفاع الإجمالي الحادث.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 19.2pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; text-align: right; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;&lt;span style="background: white; color: #555555; font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 9.0pt;"&gt;ورابعها أن وضع مخاطر التغير المناخي في الاعتبار والاستعداد لها لا يعني بالضرورة هجر الأراضي الساحلية المنخفضة إلى مواقع داخلية مرتفعة، ولا يعني نثر البحر بحواجز بحرية ضخمة أو مصدات خرسانية باهظة التكلفة، بل يعني وضع خطة محكمة لاستخدام تلك الأراضي في إطار تخطيط إستراتيجي يتفق مع المخاطر المنظورة، ويتفق مع طبيعة هذه الأراضي، بحيث يتم تجنب عدم إقامة منشآت إستراتيجية أو حيوية بها.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.8pt; mso-outline-level: 3; text-align: right; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: #333333; font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 7.5pt; letter-spacing: -.75pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;"&gt;العودة إلى الفطرة الأولى&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Lucida Sans&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.5pt; letter-spacing: -.75pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 19.2pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; text-align: right; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;&lt;span style="background: white; color: #555555; font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 9.0pt;"&gt;لم يعد هناك شك في حقيقة أن المناخ يتغير من حولنا، كما لم يعد هناك شك في أن العالم يسير بهذا الشكل إلى ظلمات ومجاهل، لا يعلم مداها إلا الله.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 19.2pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; text-align: right; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;&lt;span style="background: white; color: #555555; font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 9.0pt;"&gt;مشكلة التغير المناخي ليست إذن بالمشكلة الهامشية أو الهينة، بل هي أخطر ما يواجه المجتمع البشري حاليا، لذا ينبغي علينا جميعا، أفرادا وجماعات دولا وتكتلات، عدم التواني في التعامل معها، وفي بحث كل السبل من أجل وقف تداعياتها المستقبلية.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 19.2pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; text-align: right; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;&lt;span style="background: white; color: #555555; font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 9.0pt;"&gt;إن التلكؤ في تنفيذ هذه الخطوة أو الممانعة فيها لن يزيد الأمر إلا تعقيدا ولن يزيد كوكبنا البائس إلا سخونة والتهابا، وبالمثل فإن التوسع في الجدل الدائر بشأن مسؤولية الإنسان والغازات الصناعية فيما يحدث من تغير مناخي، وبالتالي بشأن جدوى الإجراءات المتخذة لعلاجه لن يفيد في شيء، لأن ترشيد استخدامنا للطاقة والكف عن نفث سمومنا وغازاتنا الضارة في متنفسنا المحيط سيبقى في جميع الأحوال فضيلة كبيرة ومعلما من معالم التحضر، التي يفترض أن نتميز به عن بقية المخلوقات الأخرى.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 19.2pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; text-align: right; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;&lt;span style="background: white; color: #555555; font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 9.0pt;"&gt;ينبغي إذن على الجميع القيام بالمسؤولية الواجبة عليه تجاه درء هذا الخطر الداهم. والواقع أنه بإمكان كل واحد منا المساهمة في إنقاذ مستقبل الأرض، وفي إنقاذ أولاده وأحفاده من براثن الطوفان القادم، وذلك بأن يزيد من اخضرار تصرفاته وأعماله اليومية، وبأن يعود إلى فطرته الأولي المحبة والمراعية لقدرات النظم البيئية المحيطة، هذا هو الرجاء، أما القضاء فلا نسأل الله سوى اللطف فيه.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.8pt; mso-outline-level: 4; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: #333333; font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 7.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;"&gt;وحيد مفضل – الجزيرة نت&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 7.5pt;"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2969120026515649609-1183085827009159233?l=climaticchangenow.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://climaticchangenow.blogspot.com/feeds/1183085827009159233/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://climaticchangenow.blogspot.com/2011/09/blog-post_03.html#comment-form' title='0 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2969120026515649609/posts/default/1183085827009159233'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2969120026515649609/posts/default/1183085827009159233'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://climaticchangenow.blogspot.com/2011/09/blog-post_03.html' title='• التغيرات المناخية'/><author><name>Raymond Yeats</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/02830521344975824191</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2969120026515649609.post-7084982675205439300</id><published>2011-09-03T03:56:00.001-07:00</published><updated>2011-09-03T03:56:42.763-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Europa frøs på et år</title><content type='html'>&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="background: white; color: #666666; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 8.5pt;"&gt;Af:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: #666666; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 8.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="background: white; color: #666666; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 8.5pt;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://videnskab.dk/node/94"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #007caf; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;"&gt;Kristin S. Grønli&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, forskning.no&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="background: white; color: #666666; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 8.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;7. august 2008 kl. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;st1:time hour="12" minute="52"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="background: white; color: #666666; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 8.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;12:52&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/st1:time&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #666666; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 8.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="background: white; color: #666666; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 8.5pt;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://videnskab.dk/miljo-naturvidenskab/europa-fros-pa-et-ar#comments"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #007caf; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;"&gt;0 kommentarer&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="background: white; color: #666666; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 8.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 7.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;"&gt;Emner:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 7.5pt;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://videnskab.dk/emne/forhistorisk-tid" title=""&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #007caf; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;"&gt;Forhistorisk tid&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="background: white; color: black; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 7.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 7.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 7.5pt;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://videnskab.dk/emne/fremtiden" title=""&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #007caf; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;"&gt;Fremtiden&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="background: white; color: black; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 7.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 7.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 7.5pt;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://videnskab.dk/emne/klima" title="Klimaet er varmt både som diskussionsemne og ude i virkeligheden. Videnskab.dk har samlet nogle af vores vigtigste klima-artikler nedenfor. På kortet herover kan du klikke dig til endnu flere artikler, hvis du vil længere ned i klimaforandringernes myst"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #007caf; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;"&gt;Klima&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="background: white; color: black; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 7.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 7.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 7.5pt;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://videnskab.dk/emne/vejret" title=""&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #007caf; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;"&gt;Vejret&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="background: white; color: black; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 7.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 8.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://videnskab.dk/printmail/3690" title="Send denne side som e-mail"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #007caf; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;Send&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a href="http://videnskab.dk/printpdf/3690" title="Download artiklen som PDF"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #007caf; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;PDF&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a href="http://videnskab.dk/print/3690" title="Vis en printervenlig version af denne side."&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #007caf; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;Print&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="background: white; color: black; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 8.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.6pt; margin-bottom: 9.25pt; mso-outline-level: 3; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;"&gt;Tyske forskere knytter kuldechok for 13.000 år siden sammen med pludselige ændringer i vindsystemet.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: 11.25pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 45.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="background: white; color: black; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;I katastrofe-filmen 'The Day After Tomorrow' (2004) stopper den dybe hav-cirkulation i Atlanterhavet.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: 11.25pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 45.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="background: white; color: black; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;Dermed stopper også Golfstrømmen op, og en global storm efterlader Europa og Nordamerika dækket af is.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: 11.25pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 45.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="background: white; color: black; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;Det hele i løbet af en uges tid.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: 11.25pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 45.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="background: white; color: black; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;»Helt urealistisk,« lød kommentarerne fra eksperterne.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: 11.25pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 45.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="background: white; color: black; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;Nu viser en ny, tysk forskergruppe at store klimaforandringer &lt;/span&gt;&lt;st1:state&gt;&lt;st1:place&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="background: white; color: black; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;kan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:state&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="background: white; color: black; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt; ske ekstremt hurtigt - omend ikke helt så hurtig som Hollywood påstår.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: 11.25pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 45.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="background: white; color: black; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;Den ekstremt hurtige klimaændring fandt sted i Europa længe før mennesket blev et miljøproblem. Men de årsagsfaktorer som opridses, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;st1:state&gt;&lt;st1:place&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="background: white; color: black; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;kan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:state&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="background: white; color: black; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt; betyde at klimaforskere må til at tænke i nye baner.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.6pt; margin-bottom: 1.5pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 10.9pt; mso-outline-level: 5; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;"&gt;For 12.679 år siden&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: 11.25pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 45.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="background: white; color: black; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;For omkring 13.000 år siden blev der koldt i Europa, og kulden varede i omkring 1.300 år. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 10.5pt;"&gt;Det var som om den sidste istid kom med en allersidste krampetrækning.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: 11.25pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 45.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="background: white; color: black; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;Ifølge de tyske forskere skete denne ændring brat - i løbet af et års tid - i slutningen af en &lt;/span&gt;&lt;st1:city&gt;&lt;st1:place&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="background: white; color: black; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;lille&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:city&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="background: white; color: black; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt; periode med ustabilitet på nogle få årtier.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: 11.25pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 45.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="background: white; color: black; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;Vi snakker faktisk helt nøjagtig om for 12.679 år siden.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: 11.25pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 45.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="background: white; color: black; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;Undersøgelser tyder også på, at det var kraftige vinde snarere end havstrømmene som drev de pludselige ændringer.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: 11.25pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 45.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="background: white; color: black; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;»Dette er et godt eksempel på hvor dynamisk vor planets klimasystem &lt;/span&gt;&lt;st1:state&gt;&lt;st1:place&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="background: white; color: black; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;kan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:state&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="background: white; color: black; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt; være,« siger Gerald Haug, palæo-oceanograf ved Geological Institute i Zürich.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: 11.25pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 45.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="background: white; color: black; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;Resultaterne viser, at vi har et stykke vej endnu før vi forstår klimasystemet, konkluderer en pressemeddelelse fra Helmholtz Association of German Research Centres.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.6pt; margin-bottom: 1.5pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 10.9pt; mso-outline-level: 5; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;"&gt;Hvorfor?&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: 11.25pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 45.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="background: white; color: black; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;De pludselige klimaændringer markerede begyndelsen på perioden kaldet 'Yngre Dryas'.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: 11.25pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 45.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="background: white; color: black; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;Gennemsnitstemperaturen på det europæiske kontinent faldt med omkring fem grader celsius, og den globale temperatur faldt med omtrent tre grader celsius.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: 11.25pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 45.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="background: white; color: black; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;Forskere har længe vidst at ændringerne skete hurtigt - som i løbet af årtier. Hidtil er der imidlertid ingen som har været i stand til at fastslå hvor hurtigt ændringerne skete, og heller ikke hvorfor de fandt sted.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.6pt; margin-bottom: 1.5pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 10.9pt; mso-outline-level: 5; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;"&gt;Havstrømme&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: 11.25pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 45.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="background: white; color: black; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;Men det har ikke skortet på hypoteser. Den mest etablerede teori gik netop ud på, at pludselige ændringer i, eller et direkte ophør af, den dybe havcirkulation i Atlanterhavet forårsagede kuldechokket.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: 11.25pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 45.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="background: white; color: black; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;Mens en nordgående strøm flyder i Atlanterhavets overfladelag, bevæger en koldere strøm sig i den modsatte retning nede i dybet.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: 11.25pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 45.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="background: white; color: black; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;Sådan fragtes varme fra tropiske farvande nordpå, og bidrager til et mildere klima i de omkringliggende områder. Golfstrømmen er en &lt;/span&gt;&lt;st1:state&gt;&lt;st1:place&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="background: white; color: black; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;del&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:state&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="background: white; color: black; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt; af denne havcirkulation.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: 11.25pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 45.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="background: white; color: black; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;Tidligere forskning har vist at Yngre Dryas flader sammen med en markant reduktion i den dybe havcirkulation i Nord-Atlanten.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.6pt; margin-bottom: 1.5pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 10.9pt; mso-outline-level: 5; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;"&gt;Ferskvand&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: 11.25pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 45.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="background: white; color: black; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;En sådan brat ændring i havstrømmene forklares gerne med hurtig tilstrømning af ferskvand til Atlanterhavet, for eksempel ved at en isbarriere brød sammen og slap store mængder koldt gletsjervand fra indsøer ud i Atlanterhavet.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: 11.25pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 45.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="background: white; color: black; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;Et sådant ferskvandstilskud &lt;/span&gt;&lt;st1:state&gt;&lt;st1:place&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="background: white; color: black; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;kan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:state&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="background: white; color: black; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt; have reduceret saltindholdet i havets overfladelag så meget, at vandet blev lettere, og dette &lt;/span&gt;&lt;st1:state&gt;&lt;st1:place&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="background: white; color: black; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;kan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:state&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="background: white; color: black; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt; have påvirket vandets nedsynkning ved de nordlige havområder.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: 11.25pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 45.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="background: white; color: black; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;Denne nedsynkning bliver ofte anset som en vigtig &lt;/span&gt;&lt;st1:state&gt;&lt;st1:place&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="background: white; color: black; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;del&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:state&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="background: white; color: black; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt; af drivkraften bag Golfstrømmen.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: 11.25pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 45.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="background: white; color: black; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;Men det har været vanskeligt at finde spor efter nogen sådan ferskvandskilde i de palæoklimatiske data, når det gælder Yngre Dryas.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: 11.25pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 45.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="background: white; color: black; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;Dette har igen ført til spekulationer om andre katastrofe-scenarier, for eksempel med en meteorit i hovedrollen.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: 11.25pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 45.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="background: white; color: black; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;Teorien er altså usikker, og andre faktorer &lt;/span&gt;&lt;st1:state&gt;&lt;st1:place&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="background: white; color: black; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;kan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:state&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="background: white; color: black; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt; have været vigtigere.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: 11.25pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 45.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="background: white; color: black; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;De tyske forskere peger på tidligere resultater, som antyder at den nordgående strøm af varmt vand ikke er ene-ansvarlig for det behagelige klima som vi har i Europa.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.6pt; margin-bottom: 1.5pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 10.9pt; mso-outline-level: 5; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;"&gt;Sedimenter&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: 11.25pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 45.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="background: white; color: black; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;De nye resultater kommer fra forskning i sedimenter i indsøen Meerfelder Maar i det vestlige Tyskland. Den ligger i et vulkansk krater, og er det eneste kendte sted, hvor der findes velbevarede sedimenter fra hele Yngre Dryas.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: 11.25pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 45.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="background: white; color: black; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;De fine sedimentlag viser til og med årstidsændringer for perioden.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: 11.25pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 45.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="background: white; color: black; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;Forskerne har blandt andet kigget på aflejringer af siderit, et mineral som dannes af mikroskopisk plankton i relativt varme måneder. De opdagede, at efter flere hundrede år med årstidsvariationer, ophørte siderit-produktionen pludselig.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2969120026515649609-7084982675205439300?l=climaticchangenow.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://climaticchangenow.blogspot.com/feeds/7084982675205439300/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://climaticchangenow.blogspot.com/2011/09/europa-frs-pa-et-ar.html#comment-form' title='0 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2969120026515649609/posts/default/7084982675205439300'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2969120026515649609/posts/default/7084982675205439300'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://climaticchangenow.blogspot.com/2011/09/europa-frs-pa-et-ar.html' title='Europa frøs på et år'/><author><name>Raymond Yeats</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/02830521344975824191</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2969120026515649609.post-6985520598080689077</id><published>2011-09-03T03:54:00.001-07:00</published><updated>2011-09-03T03:54:53.000-07:00</updated><title type='text'>国际先驱导报特约记者单丹报道</title><content type='html'>&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 21.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"&gt;&lt;span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt;"&gt;GBN(GLOBAL BUSINESS NETWORK)的《气候突变的情景及其对美国国家安全的意义》虽然目标明确，主要谈对美国国家安全的意义，但是鉴于美国是个具有全球利益的国家，其中对中国的关注也不乏让人大吃一惊的内容。虽然国内的专家多指称，此报告设想多于实际，但是，它仍然可以对我们产生一定的借鉴作用。&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 21.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt;"&gt;关注点一：中国面临什么？&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt;"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 21.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"&gt;&lt;span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;报告开篇就谈到，有足够的材料表明，在21世纪，全球气温变暖将十分严重。根据最新的研究成果表明，一旦气温上升到一定的关口，反常的气候现象就会急剧发生，它所带来的不仅仅是气候问题本身，还有一系列的社会问题，同时，它将严重影响到地区的稳定和地缘政治的环境，进而造成对国家安全的威胁。中国同样也置身其中。&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 21.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"&gt;&lt;span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;从2010年到2020年,北欧的温度将下降华氏6度之多,平均降雨量将下降30%,而风量与风速也会上升15个百分点。但与此相比，北亚内陆地区的天气状况则更为糟糕。尤其是中国的南部，一场大干旱会从2010年开始，一直持续到2020年。而对于一个人口密集的农业地区，干旱似乎比气温下降的破坏性更大：由于降雨量的持续减少，导致湖泊干涸，淡水的供应就会成大问题。&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 21.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"&gt;&lt;span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;从2010到2020年间，因为中国需要给其庞大的人口提供粮食，所以受到越来越飘忽不定的季风雨的打击特别大。其实偶尔吹一吹季风，能带来充沛的雨水充足的阳光，所以也并不是什么坏事。但它带来的洪水会剥蚀土地，而且季风的不稳定性有时会导致雨量的减少，那么大气的调节功能下降，冬天越来越冷，夏天越来越热，它们持续的时间也越来越长，这样一来，能源、淡水和食物的供应压力就大了。（四处蔓延的饥荒会导致混乱和国内的反抗，因为一个“寒冷”和“饥饿”的中国会觊觎俄罗斯和西边邻国的资源。）&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 21.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"&gt;&lt;span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;同时，在孟加拉国，由于台风和海水上涨，造成海岸线腐蚀，淡水资源受到污染，居住环境必将恶化，因此大量的人口迁徙不可避免，而中国则面临巨大的移民压力。&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 21.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"&gt;&lt;span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;天气变化和海洋温度的上升影响到了农业、渔业、野生动物以及水和能源。其中农作物的产量会受到很大的影响。中国作为全球几个关键的粮食供应国（美国、澳大利亚、阿根廷、俄罗斯、中国和印度）之一，面临严重的粮食供应不足的问题。另一方面，中国水资源和能源的不足也是灾难性的。&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 21.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt;"&gt;关注点二：天气剧变带来的国家安全问题&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt;"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 21.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"&gt;&lt;span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;天气剧变所引发的压力会导致暴力和分裂，这就对国家安全造成了巨大的威胁。&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 21.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"&gt;&lt;span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;今天，地球的承载能力已经在全球受到了挑战。地球的承载能力是指地球本身以及她的生态系统（包括社会、经济和文化系统）支持这个星球上无数人类生存的能力。而天气的剧变则使得本来就已经濒临极限的承载能力进一步受到破坏。这样以争夺食物、水和能源为目的的侵略性战争就更容易爆发了。面对地球承载能力的急剧下降，一个国家最有可能的反应就是进攻或是防守。比如因为天气剧变所引起的饥荒、疾病和一些自然灾害，很多国家的需求将会大大超出地球承载能力的范围，这将导致一种国家的绝望感，进而具有攻击性。想像一下巴基斯坦、印度和中国这三个核国家，由于难民问题、公共河流的使用问题以及可耕地问题，而在其交界处发生小规模冲突会是什么样的后果。&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 21.0pt;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="center"&gt;  &lt;table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="width: 490px;"&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt;   &lt;td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;"&gt;   &lt;div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 11.25pt; text-align: right;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 9.0pt;"&gt;（责任编辑:华明）&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2969120026515649609-6985520598080689077?l=climaticchangenow.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://climaticchangenow.blogspot.com/feeds/6985520598080689077/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://climaticchangenow.blogspot.com/2011/09/blog-post.html#comment-form' title='0 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2969120026515649609/posts/default/6985520598080689077'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2969120026515649609/posts/default/6985520598080689077'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://climaticchangenow.blogspot.com/2011/09/blog-post.html' title='国际先驱导报特约记者单丹报道'/><author><name>Raymond Yeats</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/02830521344975824191</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2969120026515649609.post-4347721363751586525</id><published>2011-07-08T09:18:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2011-07-08T09:18:08.653-07:00</updated><title type='text'>How Likely are Major or Abrupt Climate Changes;     such as Loss of Ice Sheets or Changes in Global     Ocean Circulation?</title><content type='html'>&lt;div class="faqstdcolfontitalic" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 12.0pt;"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow';"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #38761d;"&gt;REAL CLIMATE&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="faqstdcolfontitalic" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 12.0pt;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial Narrow&amp;quot;; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="faqstdcolfontitalic" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 12.0pt;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial Narrow&amp;quot;; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;Abrupt climate changes, such as the collapse of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet, the rapid loss of the Greenland Ice Sheet or large-scale changes of ocean circulation systems, are not considered likely to occur in the 21st century, based on currently available model results. However, the occurrence of such changes becomes increasingly more likely as the perturbation of the climate system progresses.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="faqstdcolfont" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 12.0pt;"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial Narrow&amp;quot;; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;Physical, chemical and biological analyses from &lt;/span&gt;&lt;st1:place&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial Narrow&amp;quot;; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;Greenland&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial Narrow&amp;quot;; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt; ice cores, marine sediments from the &lt;/span&gt;&lt;st1:place&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial Narrow&amp;quot;; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;North Atlantic&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial Narrow&amp;quot;; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt; and elsewhere and many other archives of past climate have demonstrated that local temperatures, wind regimes and water cycles can change rapidly within just a few years. The comparison of results from records in different locations of the world shows that in the past major changes of hemispheric to global extent occurred. This has led to the notion of an unstable past climate that underwent phases of abrupt change. Therefore, an important concern is that the continued growth of greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere may constitute a perturbation sufficiently strong to trigger abrupt changes in the climate system. Such interference with the climate system could be considered dangerous, because it would have major global consequences.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="faqstdcolfont" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 12.0pt;"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial Narrow&amp;quot;; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;Before discussing a few examples of such changes, it is useful to define the terms ‘abrupt’ and ‘major’. ‘Abrupt’ conveys the meaning that the changes occur much faster than the perturbation inducing the change; in other words, the response is nonlinear. A ‘major’ climate change is one that involves changes that exceed the range of current natural variability and have a spatial extent ranging from several thousand kilometres to global. At local to regional scales, abrupt changes are a common characteristic of natural climate variability. Here, isolated, short-lived events that are more appropriately referred to as ‘extreme events’ are not considered, but rather large-scale changes that evolve rapidly and persist for several years to decades. For instance, the mid-1970s shift in sea surface temperatures in the Eastern Pacific, or the salinity reduction in the upper 1,000 m of the Labrador Sea since the mid-1980s, are examples of abrupt events with local to regional consequences, as opposed to the larger-scale, longer-term events that are the focus here.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="faqstdcolfont" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 12.0pt;"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial Narrow&amp;quot;; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;One example is the potential collapse, or shut-down of the &lt;/span&gt;&lt;st1:place&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial Narrow&amp;quot;; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;Gulf Stream&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial Narrow&amp;quot;; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;, which has received broad public attention. The &lt;/span&gt;&lt;st1:place&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial Narrow&amp;quot;; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;Gulf Stream&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial Narrow&amp;quot;; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt; is a primarily horizontal current in the north-western &lt;/span&gt;&lt;st1:place&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial Narrow&amp;quot;; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;Atlantic Ocean&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial Narrow&amp;quot;; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt; driven by winds. Although a stable feature of the general circulation of the ocean, its northern extension, which feeds deep-water formation in the &lt;/span&gt;&lt;st1:place&gt;&lt;st1:placename&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial Narrow&amp;quot;; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;Greenland-Norwegian-Iceland&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/st1:placename&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial Narrow&amp;quot;; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;st1:placetype&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial Narrow&amp;quot;; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;Seas&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/st1:placetype&gt;&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial Narrow&amp;quot;; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt; and thereby delivers substantial amounts of heat to these seas and nearby land areas, is influenced strongly by changes in the density of the surface waters in these areas. This current constitutes the northern end of a basin-scale meridional overturning circulation (MOC) that is established along the western boundary of the Atlantic basin. A consistent result from climate model simulations is that if the density of the surface waters in the North Atlantic decreases due to warming or a reduction in salinity, the strength of the MOC is decreased, and with it, the delivery of heat into these areas. Strong sustained reductions in salinity could induce even more substantial reduction, or complete shut-down of the MOC in all climate model projections. Such changes have indeed happened in the distant past.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="faqstdcolfontnoin" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial Narrow&amp;quot;; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;The issue now is whether the increasing human influence on the atmosphere constitutes a strong enough perturbation to the MOC that such a change might be induced. The increase in greenhouse gases in the atmosphere leads to warming and an intensification of the hydrological cycle, with the latter making the surface waters in the &lt;/span&gt;&lt;st1:place&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial Narrow&amp;quot;; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;North Atlantic&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial Narrow&amp;quot;; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt; less salty as increased rain leads to more freshwater runoff to the ocean from the region’s rivers. Warming also causes land ice to melt, adding more freshwater and further reducing the salinity of ocean surface waters. Both effects would reduce the density of the surface waters (which must be dense and heavy enough to sink in order to drive the MOC), leading to a reduction in the MOC in the 21st century. This reduction is predicted to proceed in lockstep with the warming: none of the current models simulates an abrupt (nonlinear) reduction or a complete shut-down in this century. There is still a large spread among the models’ simulated reduction in the MOC, ranging from virtually no response to a reduction of over 50% by the end of the 21st century. This cross-model variation is due to differences in the strengths of atmosphere and ocean feedbacks simulated in these models.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="faqstdcolfont" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 12.0pt;"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial Narrow&amp;quot;; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;Uncertainty also exists about the long-term fate of the MOC. Many models show a recovery of the MOC once climate is stabilised. But some models have thresholds for the MOC, and they are passed when the forcing is strong enough and lasts long enough. Such simulations then show a gradual reduction of the MOC that continues even after climate is stabilised. A quantification of the likelihood of this occurring is not possible at this stage. Nevertheless, even if this were to occur, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;st1:place&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial Narrow&amp;quot;; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;Europe&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial Narrow&amp;quot;; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt; would still experience warming, since the radiative forcing caused by increasing greenhouse gases would overwhelm the cooling associated with the MOC reduction. Catastrophic scenarios suggesting the beginning of an ice age triggered by a shutdown of the MOC are thus mere speculations, and no climate model has produced such an outcome. In fact, the processes leading to an ice age are sufficiently well understood and so completely different from those discussed here, that we can confidently exclude this scenario.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="faqstdcolfont" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 12.0pt;"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial Narrow&amp;quot;; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;Irrespective of the long-term evolution of the MOC, model simulations agree that the warming and resulting decline in salinity will significantly reduce deep and intermediate water formation in the &lt;/span&gt;&lt;st1:place&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial Narrow&amp;quot;; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;Labrador Sea&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial Narrow&amp;quot;; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt; during the next few decades. This will alter the characteristics of the intermediate water masses in the &lt;/span&gt;&lt;st1:place&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial Narrow&amp;quot;; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;North  Atlantic&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial Narrow&amp;quot;; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt; and eventually affect the deep ocean. The long-term effects of such a change are unknown.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="faqstdcolfont" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 12.0pt;"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial Narrow&amp;quot;; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;Other widely discussed examples of abrupt climate changes are the rapid disintegration of the Greenland Ice Sheet, or the sudden collapse of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet. Model simulations and observations indicate that warming in the high latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere is accelerating the melting of the Greenland Ice Sheet, and that increased snowfall due to the intensified hydrological cycle is unable to compensate for this melting. As a consequence, the Greenland Ice Sheet may shrink substantially in the coming centuries. Moreover, results suggest that there is a critical temperature threshold beyond which the Greenland Ice Sheet would be committed to disappearing completely, and that threshold could be crossed in this century. However, the total melting of the Greenland Ice Sheet, which would raise global sea level by about seven metres, is a slow process that would take many hundreds of years to complete.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="faqstdcolfont" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 12.0pt;"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial Narrow&amp;quot;; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;Recent satellite and&lt;span class="apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;Arial Narrow&amp;quot;;"&gt;in situ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;observations of ice streams behind disintegrating ice shelves highlight some rapid reactions of ice sheet systems. This raises new concern about the overall stability of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet, the collapse of which would trigger another five to six metres of sea level rise. While these streams appear buttressed by the shelves in front of them, it is currently unknown whether a reduction or failure of this buttressing of relatively limited areas of the ice sheet could actually trigger a widespread discharge of many ice streams and hence a destabilisation of the entire West Antarctic Ice Sheet. Ice sheet models are only beginning to capture such small-scale dynamical processes that involve complicated interactions with the glacier bed and the ocean at the perimeter of the ice sheet. Therefore, no quantitative information is available from the current generation of ice sheet models as to the likelihood or timing of such an event.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="faqstdcolfont" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 12.0pt;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="faqstdcolfont" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 12.0pt;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2969120026515649609-4347721363751586525?l=climaticchangenow.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://climaticchangenow.blogspot.com/feeds/4347721363751586525/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://climaticchangenow.blogspot.com/2011/07/how-likely-are-major-or-abrupt-climate.html#comment-form' title='0 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2969120026515649609/posts/default/4347721363751586525'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2969120026515649609/posts/default/4347721363751586525'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://climaticchangenow.blogspot.com/2011/07/how-likely-are-major-or-abrupt-climate.html' title='How Likely are Major or Abrupt Climate Changes;     such as Loss of Ice Sheets or Changes in Global     Ocean Circulation?'/><author><name>Raymond Yeats</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/02830521344975824191</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2969120026515649609.post-3748750357753946782</id><published>2011-06-24T00:44:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2011-06-24T00:44:44.298-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Gulf Stream could be threatened by Arctic flush</title><content type='html'>&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 15.0pt; margin-left: 7.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 15.0pt; mso-outline-level: 1;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;"&gt;Newscientist Enviroment&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 15.0pt; margin-left: 7.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 15.0pt; mso-outline-level: 1;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -10.5pt; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"&gt;18:00 05 April 2011 by&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.newscientist.com/search?rbauthors=Fred+Pearce"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: #00759a; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;"&gt;Fred Pearce&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;b&gt;  &lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -10.5pt; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;For similar stories, visit the&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.newscientist.com/topic/deep-sea"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #00759a; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;"&gt;Mysteries of the Deep Sea&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;and&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.newscientist.com/topic/climate-change"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #00759a; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;"&gt;Climate Change&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -10.5pt; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -10.5pt; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;Topic Guides&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: 15pt; margin-left: 7.5pt; margin-right: 15pt; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;Rapid warming in the &lt;/span&gt;&lt;st1:place&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;Arctic&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt; is creating a new and fast-growing pool of fresh water in the &lt;/span&gt;&lt;st1:place&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;Arctic Ocean&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;. Measuring at least 7500 cubic kilometres, it could flush into the &lt;/span&gt;&lt;st1:place&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;Atlantic Ocean&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt; and slow the &lt;/span&gt;&lt;st1:place&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;Gulf Stream&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;, bringing colder winters to &lt;/span&gt;&lt;st1:place&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;Europe&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: 15pt; margin-left: 7.5pt; margin-right: 15pt; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;The water is mostly coming from melting permafrost and rising rainfall, which is increasing flows in Siberian rivers that drain into the &lt;/span&gt;&lt;st1:place&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;Arctic&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;, such as the &lt;/span&gt;&lt;st1:place&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;Ob&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt; and &lt;/span&gt;&lt;st1:place&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;Yenisei&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;. More comes from melting sea ice, says Laura de Steur of the Royal Netherlands Institute of Sea Research in 't Horntje, who is tracking the build-up.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: 15pt; margin-left: 7.5pt; margin-right: 15pt; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;Salinity anomalies like this are a regular feature of the &lt;/span&gt;&lt;st1:place&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;Arctic&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;. The last major event occurred in the 1960s. They happen when strong winds circling the &lt;/span&gt;&lt;st1:place&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;Arctic&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt; restrict southward water movement. Eventually, the winds falter and the water flushes into the &lt;/span&gt;&lt;st1:place&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;Atlantic&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt; through the Fram strait, between &lt;/span&gt;&lt;st1:place&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;Greenland&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt; and &lt;/span&gt;&lt;st1:place&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;Europe&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: 15pt; margin-left: 7.5pt; margin-right: 15pt; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;Recent Arctic melting runs the risk of increasing the freshwater build-up, potentially making the consequences of the eventual breakout more extreme, says de Steur. This is the first time that scientists have measured a salinity anomaly in the &lt;/span&gt;&lt;st1:place&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;Arctic&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt; in detail, and in time to analyse how the freshwater pool breaks out into the &lt;/span&gt;&lt;st1:place&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;North Atlantic&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: 15pt; margin-left: 7.5pt; margin-right: 15pt; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;De Steur believes the consequences could be more dramatic than in the past, because of how global warming is changing the dynamics of the region. "Sea ice is melting quicker. It is thinner and more mobile, and could exit the &lt;/span&gt;&lt;st1:place&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;Arctic&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt; faster. Also more of it will enter the &lt;/span&gt;&lt;st1:place&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;Atlantic&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt; as liquid water rather than ice."&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="border-bottom: solid #00759A 1.0pt; border: none; margin-left: 7.5pt; margin-right: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid #00759A .75pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;"&gt;  &lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 0cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #717171; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;Conveyor breakdown&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: 15pt; margin-left: 7.5pt; margin-right: 15pt; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;A dramatic freshening of the &lt;/span&gt;&lt;st1:place&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;North Atlantic&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt; could disrupt the engine of a global ocean circulation system called the thermohaline circulation, or ocean conveyor. This system, of which the &lt;/span&gt;&lt;st1:place&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;Gulf Stream&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt; forms a part, is driven by dense, salty water in the &lt;/span&gt;&lt;st1:place&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;North  Atlantic&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt; plunging to the ocean bottom near &lt;/span&gt;&lt;st1:place&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;Greenland&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: 15pt; margin-left: 7.5pt; margin-right: 15pt; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;"In the worst case, these Arctic surges can significantly change the densities of marine surface waters in the far &lt;/span&gt;&lt;st1:place&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;North  Atlantic&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;," says de Steur.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: 15pt; margin-left: 7.5pt; margin-right: 15pt; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;Some 13,000 years ago, a major freshening of the &lt;/span&gt;&lt;st1:place&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;North  Atlantic&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt; shut down the circulation and plunged the Earth into a cold snap, known as the Younger Dryas era, which lasted for 1300 years. That was the result of an influx of fresh water much larger than is building up now, but some climate models do predict the circulation could weaken in coming decades, says Detlef Quadfasel of the climate centre at Hamburg University in Germany. The discovery of pooling fresh water in the &lt;/span&gt;&lt;st1:place&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;Arctic&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt; suggests how this could happen.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 7.5pt; margin-right: 15pt; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;The monitoring is being carried out as part of Project Clamer, a 10-nation European project into the impact of climate change on the waters around &lt;/span&gt;&lt;st1:place&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;Europe&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2969120026515649609-3748750357753946782?l=climaticchangenow.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://climaticchangenow.blogspot.com/feeds/3748750357753946782/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://climaticchangenow.blogspot.com/2011/06/gulf-stream-could-be-threatened-by.html#comment-form' title='0 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2969120026515649609/posts/default/3748750357753946782'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2969120026515649609/posts/default/3748750357753946782'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://climaticchangenow.blogspot.com/2011/06/gulf-stream-could-be-threatened-by.html' title='Gulf Stream could be threatened by Arctic flush'/><author><name>Raymond Yeats</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/02830521344975824191</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2969120026515649609.post-1968868236478625868</id><published>2011-06-20T10:12:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2011-06-20T10:14:44.850-07:00</updated><title type='text'>What if the Sun went into a new Grand Minimum?</title><content type='html'>&lt;h3 class="storytitle" id="post-7928"&gt;Real Climate &lt;/h3&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="meta"&gt;&lt;h3 class="storytitle" id="post-7928"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;div class="meta"&gt;&amp;nbsp;group @ 19 June 2011  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="entry"&gt;&lt;script&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;small&gt;Guest commentary by &lt;a href="http://www.pik-potsdam.de/members/feulner"&gt;Georg Feulner&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;During a &lt;a href="http://astronomy.nmsu.edu/SPD2011/"&gt;meeting&lt;/a&gt; of the &lt;a href="http://spd.aas.org/"&gt;Solar Physics Division&lt;/a&gt; of the &lt;a href="http://aas.org/"&gt;American Astronomical Society&lt;/a&gt;, solar physicists have just &lt;a href="http://www.nso.edu/press/SolarActivityDrop.html"&gt;announced&lt;/a&gt;  a prediction that the Sun might enter an extended period of low  activity (a ‘grand minimum’) similar to the Maunder Minimum in the 17th  century. In this post I will explore the background of this announcement  and discuss implications for Earth’s climate.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span id="more-7928"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;It has been known for a long time that solar activity shows a very  regular pattern. Every 11 years the Sun is particularly active, and  numerous dark sunspots are visible on its surface. These maxima of solar  activity are separated by times of low activity when only few (if any)  sunspots appear.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;img src="http://www.realclimate.org/images/Feulner_fig1.jpg" width="80%/" /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/center&gt; &lt;em&gt;Figure 1: The Sun in visible light during an activity maximum  (left) and during the last (and rather extraordinary) 11-year minimum  during which it appeared spotless most of the time. Source: &lt;a href="http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/"&gt;NASA Earth Observatory&lt;/a&gt;/&lt;a href="http://sohowww.nascom.nasa.gov/"&gt;SOHO&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;br /&gt;One could think that the Sun emits less light during a solar maximum  because of the many dark spots. In fact it is the other way round, since  active regions around the sunspots emit more radiation than is “lost”  in the cooler sunspot areas. This effect can be best seen in ultraviolet  images of the Sun.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;img src="http://www.realclimate.org/images/Feulner_fig2.jpg" width="80%" /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/center&gt; &lt;em&gt;Figure 2: The Sun in ultraviolet light during a maximum (left) and a minimum (right). Source: &lt;a href="http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/"&gt;NASA Earth Observatory&lt;/a&gt;/&lt;a href="http://sohowww.nascom.nasa.gov/"&gt;SOHO&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;br /&gt;An analysis of historic sunspot observations shows that the 11-year  solar activity cycle was interrupted during the late 17th century.&lt;br /&gt;This period of time, during which the Sun appeared without sunspots most of the time, was called the Maunder Minimum by &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_A._Eddy"&gt;Jack Eddy&lt;/a&gt; in his famous &lt;a href="http://www.sciencemag.org/content/192/4245/1189.short"&gt;Science paper&lt;/a&gt;. (Alliteratively named after &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Maunder"&gt;Edward Maunder&lt;/a&gt;, although it was actually first discovered by &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustav_Sp%C3%B6rer"&gt;Gustav Spörer&lt;/a&gt;.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;img src="http://www.realclimate.org/images/Feulner_fig3.png" width="80%/" /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/center&gt; &lt;em&gt;Figure 3: Observations of the number of sunspots over the last four centuries. Source: &lt;a href="http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sunspot_Numbers.png"&gt;Wikimedia Commons&lt;/a&gt;/&lt;a href="http://www.globalwarmingart.com/"&gt;Global Warming Art&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The Maunder Minimum falls within the climatically cooler period of  the “Little Ice Age”, during which temperatures were particularly low  over continents in the Northern hemisphere (especially in winter). It  has long been suspected that the low solar activity during the Maunder  Minimum was one of the causes of the Little Ice Age, although other  factors like a small drop in greenhouse gas concentrations around 1600  and strong volcanic eruptions during that time likely played a role as  well.&lt;br /&gt;Solar physicists do not yet understand how an extended solar-activity  low like the Maunder Minimum arises. Yet there is recent observational  evidence for an unusual behavior of the Sun during the current cycle 24,  including a missing zonal wind flow within the Sun, decreasing magnetic  field strength of sunspots and lower activity around the poles of the  Sun. These observations prompted &lt;a href="http://www.economist.com/node/18833483"&gt;Frank Hill and colleagues&lt;/a&gt; to suggest that the Sun might enter a new Maunder-like minimum after the current 11-year cycle ends (i.e. after 2020 or so).&lt;br /&gt;It remains to be seen whether this prognosis turns out to be true (there have been &lt;a href="http://dotearth.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/06/15/a-solar-scientist-rebuts-a-cool-sunspot-prediction/"&gt;some doubts expressed&lt;/a&gt;),  but since grand minima of solar activity did occur in the past, it is  certainly interesting to explore what effects such a minimum might have  on 21st century climate if it did occur. This is precisely the question  Stefan Rahmstorf and I investigated in a &lt;a href="http://www.agu.org/pubs/crossref/2010/2010GL042710.shtml"&gt;study&lt;/a&gt; published last year (see also our &lt;a href="http://www.pik-potsdam.de/news/press-releases/weakening-sun-would-hardly-slow-global-warming"&gt;press release&lt;/a&gt;. (Earlier estimates for the size of this effect can be found &lt;a href="http://rsta.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/330/1615/547.short"&gt;here&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href="http://www.cambridge.org/gb/knowledge/isbn/item1173464/?site_locale=en_GB"&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;.)  In our study we find that a new Maunder Minimum would lead to a cooling  of 0.3°C in the year 2100 at most – relative to an expected  anthropogenic warming of around 4°C. (The amount of warming in the 21st  century depends on assumptions about future emissions, of course).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;img src="http://www.realclimate.org/images/Feulner_fig4.jpg" width="80%" /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/center&gt; &lt;em&gt;Figure 4: Rise of global temperature (relative to 1961-1990)  until the year 2100 for two different emission scenarios (A1B, red, and  A2, magenta). The dashed lines show the slightly reduced warming in case  a Maunder-like solar minimum should occur during the 21st century.  Source: &lt;a href="http://www.pik-potsdam.de/"&gt;PIK&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;br /&gt;According to these results, a 21st-century Maunder Minimum would only  slightly diminish future warming. Moreover, it would be only a  temporary effect since all known grand solar minima have only lasted for  a few decades. Critics of this result might argue that the solar  forcing in these experiments is only based on the estimated change in  total irradiance,  which might be an underestimate, or that does not  include potential indirect amplifying effects (via an ozone response to  UV changes, or galactic cosmic rays affecting clouds). However, our  model reproduces the historic Maunder minimum with these estimates of  solar irradiance. Furthermore, even if one multiplied the solar effects  by a huge factor of 5 (which is unrealistic), no absolute cooling would  take place (the temperatures would be temporarily cooler than the base  scenario, but the trends would still be warming).&lt;br /&gt;It is clear that if a grand minimum were to happen it would be a  tremendously exciting opportunity for solar physicists, however it is  unlikely to be very exciting for anyone else.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2969120026515649609-1968868236478625868?l=climaticchangenow.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://climaticchangenow.blogspot.com/feeds/1968868236478625868/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://climaticchangenow.blogspot.com/2011/06/what-if-sun-went-into-new-grand-minimum.html#comment-form' title='0 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2969120026515649609/posts/default/1968868236478625868'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2969120026515649609/posts/default/1968868236478625868'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://climaticchangenow.blogspot.com/2011/06/what-if-sun-went-into-new-grand-minimum.html' title='What if the Sun went into a new Grand Minimum?'/><author><name>Raymond Yeats</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/02830521344975824191</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2969120026515649609.post-1360679922853362775</id><published>2011-06-02T04:48:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2011-06-02T04:48:14.194-07:00</updated><title type='text'>GRADUAL vs ABRUPTO: NECESIDAD DE DEFINIR MEJOR EL PARADIGMA DEL CAMBIO CLIMÁTICO Y LOS DE LOS PROCESOS NATURALES Y SOCIALES</title><content type='html'>&lt;b&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #274e13;"&gt;INTERCIENCIA&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;.MAR 2007, VOL. 32 Nº 3&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="Section1"&gt;  &lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"&gt;Dirk R. Thielen&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"&gt;. Maestría y Doctorado en Ecología Tropical, Universidad de Los Andes, Venezuela. Postdoctorante III, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas (IVIC). Dirección: Centro de Ecología, IVIC, Apartado 21827, Caracas 1020-A, Venezuela. e-mail: dthielen@ivic.ve&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"&gt;Rafael Lairet Centeno&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"&gt;. Licenciado en Geografía, Universidad Central de Venezuela. Maestría en Geografía, Mac Master University, Canadá. Profesor, Universidad Simón Bolívar y Universidad Metropolitana, Venezuela. Colaborador&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"&gt;Visitante, IVIC, Venezuela. e-mail: &lt;a href="mailto:rlairet@ivic.ve"&gt;rlairet@ivic.ve&lt;/a&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Times-Italic;"&gt;RESUMEN&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Times-Italic;"&gt;El ser humano ha tenido una percepción histórica de estabilidad climática. Sin embargo, la realidad es otra. Los registros indican que los cambios abruptos han ocurrido y han moldeado no solo los procesos naturales sino su propia historia. Un cambio climático abrupto provoca dificultad de adaptación en todos los sistemas. Actualmente se evalúan efectos de una posible alteración de &lt;st1:personname productid="la Circulaci￳n Termohalina" w:st="on"&gt;la Circulación Termohalina&lt;/st1:personname&gt; del Atlántico Norte en el clima a escala global. El trabajo se plantea la evidencia resumiendo estudios recientes y resaltando aquellos que son más impactantes para la comunidad científica, permitiendo la redimensión del paradigma del cambio climático en los cambios globales, enfocando integralmente el problema.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"&gt;Consideraciones Generales&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"&gt;Antes de la década de los 90, la visión dominante que se tenía de los cambios climáticos enfatizaba el lento y gradual cambio de las edades del hielo en respuesta a ajustes en la órbita terrestre en el lapso de decenas de miles de años o de cambios en períodos mayores (≥100 millones de años) que ocurren por efecto de otras dinámicas terrestres. Esto generó una percepción generalizada de estabilidad climática, al punto que para los años 60 &lt;st1:personname productid="la UNESCO" w:st="on"&gt;la  UNESCO&lt;/st1:personname&gt; publicaba en su Historia General: “... el clima en general es estable y lo es desde el sexto milenio A.C.” (Fletcher, 1969).&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Hasta hace poco, la interpretación de los procesos naturales por la ciencia, y la valoración del entorno y estrategias de uso por parte de las sociedades humanas, estaban cimentadas en este paradigma 0378-1844/07/03/167-08 $ 3.00/0 de estabilidad climática. Es a principios de los 90 cuando se acumulan suficientes evidencias para afirmar, por consenso, que el clima no solo ha sido variable en el pasado, sino que muestra en el presente una tendencia natural al cambio. En la actualidad, las discusiones giran en torno a la dirección y, más recientemente, a la velocidad del cambio climático; todo dentro del contexto de la afectación generada por la actividad antrópica histórica y de las tendencias actuales de uso del espacio y la energía.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"&gt;Desde una perspectiva humana, el cambio climático es una desviación del tiempo meteorológico promedio esperado o de las condiciones climáticas normales para un lugar y época del año determinados (NOAA, 2003). Al ampliar espacial y temporalmente esta perspectiva se tiene que el cambio climático es reflejo de cambios significativos en el estado medio del sistema tierra-océano-atmósfera que&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"&gt;resultan en cambios en los patrones de circulación de la atmósfera y de los océanos, los cuales a su vez impactan en el clima regional. En este sentido, para la paleoclimatología, el cambio climático es normal y forma parte de la variabilidad natural del planeta relacionada con las interacciones entre atmósfera, océano y tierra, al igual que con cambios en la cantidad de radiación solar que alcanza a &lt;st1:personname productid="la Tierra" w:st="on"&gt;la Tierra&lt;/st1:personname&gt; (NOAA, 2003). Los paleoclimatólogos han recolectado datos provenientes de registros naturales de la variabilidad climática tales como en anillos de árboles, testigos de hielo, polen fósil, sedimentos de lagos y océanos, corales y, desde hace unos 150 años, datos históricos. Analizando los registros tomados de éstas y de otras fuentes paleoclimáticas, por proxy, los científicos pueden extender la comprensión acerca del clima mucho más allá de la época de registro instrumental, de algo más de 100 años.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"&gt;Los avances en sus estudios y la refinación de las técnicas empleadas por la paleoclimatología se reflejan en los informes secuenciales del &lt;i&gt;Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change &lt;/i&gt;(IPCC, 1990, 1995, 2001), así como los del &lt;i&gt;National Research Council &lt;/i&gt;(NRC-CGCR, 1989, 1990, 1999), y permiten afirmar que el clima no solo ha cambiado, sino que está cambiando y continuará haciéndolo, con o sin influencia antrópica. En este contexto de los cambios globales, el IPCC formula recomendaciones para la mitigación de las afectaciones a través de la evaluación&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"&gt;de alteraciones potenciales en las relaciones causa/efecto, en la resiliencia y en la capacidad de adaptación de los sistemas naturales y humanos a las nuevas tendencias de cambio, especialmente en lo que respecta a las emisiones de gases de invernadero. Debido a que los informes del IPCC intentan responder preguntas como ¿qué pasaría si el CO2 se duplica?, reflejan inquietudes centradas primariamente en escenarios de cambios climáticos graduales donde se simula una situación en la que el clima se desplaza lentamente de un estado inicial a uno final (&lt;i&gt;i.e&lt;/i&gt;. uno más cálido). Pero sería un error considerar que los cambios climáticos suceden con una lentitud suficiente para que el ambiente, las estructuras sociales y económicas, las ecológicas e incluso las biológicas se adapten con facilidad y sin traumas a tales modificaciones en el clima (Capel- Molina, 1999). La gradualidad del cambio no se traduce necesariamente en la gradualidad de la respuesta al mismo; existe la posibilidad que la acumulación de gases de invernadero ocasione una respuesta en el clima espacialmente amplia y temporalmente abrupta (NRCCACC, 2002). Evidencias geológicas y paleoclimáticas colectadas en las últimas décadas muestran que el clima puede cambiar abruptamente, afectando regiones hemisféricas hasta globales de forma repetida (Broecker, 1997). El reconocimiento de cambios abruptos en el pasado refuerza la preocupación acerca de la potencialidad de impactos significativos producto de cambios climáticos por influencia antrópica. Las tendencias actuales y las proyecciones para los próximos 100 años señalan que los promedios y las variabilidades climáticas pudieran alcanzar niveles hasta ahora no registradas por instrumentos. Cambios de hasta &lt;st1:metricconverter productid="16ﾺC" w:st="on"&gt;16ºC&lt;/st1:metricconverter&gt; y de un factor de 2 para las precipitaciones se han presentado en algunos lugares por períodos tan cortos como décadas o unos pocos años (Alley y Clark, 1999; Lang &lt;i&gt;et al.&lt;/i&gt;,1999).&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"&gt;La potencialidad de la ocurrencia de un cambio climático abrupto es ahora discutida por bibliografía específica al tema (&lt;i&gt;e.g&lt;/i&gt;. NRCCACC, 2002), y por Internet, con más de 3000000 de referencias disponibles (buscador Google®, palabra clave:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"&gt;abrupt climate change, 12-01-06). Entre las publicaciones con un enfoque apreciablemente sociopolítico Wirth &lt;i&gt;et al. &lt;/i&gt;(2003), al considerar las implicaciones de la ocurrencia potencial de un cambio climático abrupto, justifican el retiro de los EEUU del Tratado de Kyoto y avalan una política energética de “bussiness as usual” por parte de ese país. Con una mejor argumentación científica destaca el informe de Schwartz y Randall (2003) presentado ante el Departamento de Estado de los EEUU, en el que se advierte sobre las graves implicaciones de un cambio climático abrupto en la seguridad de esa nación. Allí se señala que las implicaciones geopolíticas serían sensiblemente mayores a las ocasionadas hasta ahora por la denominada “lucha contra el terrorismo” y se hace una propuesta de cuales deben ser los lineamientos para el logro de un nuevo orden mundial “sustentable”. Al hacerse público, este último trabajo generó amplias reseñas por parte de las principales agencias noticiosas mundiales.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"&gt;No fue sino hasta varios años después de &lt;st1:personname productid="la Cumbre" w:st="on"&gt;la  Cumbre&lt;/st1:personname&gt; de Río de 1992 y luego que la comunidad científica advirtiera reiteradamente sobre la posibilidad de alteraciones en el efecto invernadero global por las emisiones de origen antrópico, cuando los “decision makers” consideraron en sus estrategias de desarrollo y manejo a los escenarios de cambio climático gradual. Si bien la redimensión temporal del paradigma del cambio climático no es aceptada aún por consenso, llama la atención que sectores de la sociedad humana, tradicionalmente indiferentes al conocimiento científico e históricamente renuentes, por sus costos políticos y económicos, a reorientar estrategias preestablecidas, muestren una mayor disposición que las diferentes disciplinas de la ciencia a discutir los escenarios de afectación y hasta la posibilidad de aceptar la redefinición de un, todavía nuevo, paradigma del cambio climático. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"&gt;Hay evidencias de que las tendencias actuales en lo que respecta a la variabilidad climática natural, exacerbada por la actividad antrópica histórica, tienen el potencial de llevar al sistema climático mas allá de un umbral y alcanzar un nuevo estado climático (NRC-CACC, 2002). Considerando que más del 90% de la información disponible en Internet trata sobre las implicaciones sociales, políticas y económicas&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"&gt;ante la ocurrencia de un cambio climático abrupto, casi todos desde un enfoque antropocéntrico y vulnerables al sensacionalismo, el objetivo del presente trabajo es revisar la bibliografía técnica especializada, identificar las evidencias contundentes, resumir el estado actual del conocimiento y resaltar aquellos aspectos que requieran mayor atención por parte de la comunidad científica y que&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"&gt;permita la redimensión del paradigma del cambio climático dentro del contexto de los cambios globales y de una visión integral del problema.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"&gt;Cambio Climático Abrupto&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"&gt;Técnicamente, un cambio climático abrupto (CCA) ocurre cuando el sistema climático es forzado a cruzar un determinado umbral, desatando una transición a un nuevo estadio, con una tasa determinada por el mismo sistema climático y más rápida que la misma causa que lo produce (NRCCACC, 2002). Los procesos caóticos en el sistema climático pueden permitir que la causa de un CCA pase casi inadvertida.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"&gt;Desde este punto de vista, un CCA es aquel que ocurre tan rápida e inesperadamente que los sistemas naturales y humanos tienen dificultades en adaptarse a la nueva situación. En todo caso, es muy probable que los impactos de los CCAs sean mayores y más agudos que aquellos que tienen lugar ante un cambio climático gradual, según lo planteado en los informes del IPCC. La principal razón para esta diferencia es&lt;span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;que, por lo general, los sistemas ecológicos y humanos se adaptan más fácilmente a los estímulos que generan los cambios predecibles y graduales (NAST, 2000).&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"&gt;Se sospecha que la historia del hombre ha estado moldeada por eventos de CCA. Los registros paleoclimáticos sugieren que sequías abruptas pero persistentes causaron la progresiva desocupación de los asentamientos desarrollados por el Imperio Maya y la posterior desintegración de su cultura (Hodell &lt;i&gt;et al.&lt;/i&gt;, 1995; Gill, 2000) y que cambios también abruptos fueron los responsables del colapso del Imperio Acadio en Mesopotamia (Weiss &lt;i&gt;et al.&lt;/i&gt;, 1993). Los registros sedimentarios&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"&gt;revelan numerosos y amplios CCAs en los pasados 100000 años (NRC-CACC, 2002). El mejor conocido es el intervalo frío &lt;i&gt;Younger Dryas&lt;/i&gt;, un evento casi global que comenzó cerca de 12800 años atrás cuando, en un proceso de pocas décadas, ocurrió una interrupción en el calentamiento gradual que siguió a la última glaciación y que culminó también abruptamente hace 11600 años. Debido a que el &lt;i&gt;Younger Dryas &lt;/i&gt;puede seguirse claramente en los registros geológicos, ha recibido especial atención. El enfriamiento fue acompañado por una duplicación en la cobertura de nieve en tres años y la mayor tasa de cambio de acumulación ocurrió en el lapso de un año (NRC-CACC, 2002). Estos resultados concuerdan con los registros de sedimentos de &lt;st1:personname productid="la Fosa" w:st="on"&gt;la  Fosa&lt;/st1:personname&gt; de Cariaco, en las costas de Venezuela, los cuales se depositaron en 10 años o menos (Hughen &lt;i&gt;et al.&lt;/i&gt;, 1996). Por sus efectos de orden climático el fenómeno &lt;i&gt;Younger Dryas &lt;/i&gt;condujo a los cazadores recolectores que ocupaban espacios de la cultura Natufian, en el Asia Menor, a transformar su forma de vida a la de agricultores primitivos y desarrollar la agricultura de cereales (Muron, 2003).&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"&gt;Mecanismos que activan un CCA&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"&gt;Según el NRC-CACC (2002), los CCAs pueden ocurrir en tres formas fundamentales distintas:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"&gt;1. &lt;i&gt;Un CCA puede ser la respuesta a un parámetro o fuerza externa que cambia rápidamente&lt;/i&gt;. Si se considera el sistema atmosfera-océano solamente, la descarga&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"&gt;masiva y repentina de agua dulce proveniente del deshielo de las masas polares sería un ejemplo de una influencia súbita externa. La no-linealidad del sistema atmósfera-océano no es prerrequisito para esa conducta, cuya escala temporal está dada esencialmente por la fuerza perturbadora.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"&gt;2. &lt;i&gt;Cambios lentos en las fuerzas perturbadoras pueden inducir a sobrepasar un umbral de cambio y resultar en la transición a un segundo sistema de equilibrio&lt;/i&gt;. La evolución de este cambio estaría gobernada por la dinámica del sistema más que por una escala temporal externa de cambios lentos. Al considerar el sistema global, descargas masivas de agua dulce proveniente del deshielo de las masas de hielo polares y de glaciares en retroceso sería el resultado del cruce del umbral. El deshielo lento al final de la última edad de hielo produjo una sucesión de lagos helados marginales.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"&gt;La ruptura súbita de estos lagos represados causaría la liberación rápida del agua en ellas contenida (Broecker &lt;i&gt;et al.&lt;/i&gt; 1988).&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"&gt;3. &lt;i&gt;El régimen de transición puede ocurrir de forma espontánea en un sistema caótico&lt;/i&gt;. En este caso no se requieren detonantes externos para las transiciones nes. Así, un régimen de cambios puede continuar indefinidamente o hasta que cambios lentos en fuerzas externas o en la dinámica del sistema reviertan la conducta caótica del sistema.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"&gt;&lt;st1:personname productid="la Circulaci￳n Termohalina" w:st="on"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"&gt;La Circulación  Termohalina&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/st1:personname&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"&gt; en la activación de un CCA&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"&gt;Debido a que el agua tiene una enorme capacidad calórica los océanos retienen de &lt;st1:metricconverter productid="10 a" w:st="on"&gt;10 a&lt;/st1:metricconverter&gt; 100 veces más calor que su equivalente en superficie de tierra. La radiación solar de un año sobre la superficie de los océanos apenas incrementaría la temperatura del primer km en &lt;st1:metricconverter productid="1ﾺC" w:st="on"&gt;1ºC&lt;/st1:metricconverter&gt;; además, los océanos ejercen una profunda influencia en el clima a través de su habilidad para transportar calor de una localidad a otra y de su capacidad de secuestrar calor lejos de la superficie (NRC-CACC, 2002). Por ser el mayor reservorio de agua del planeta, los océanos juegan un importante papel de pivoteo en los ciclos de evaporación y precipitación que determinan, a escala global, los patrones de precipitación.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"&gt;Por ello, cambios en las propiedades del agua oceánica y en sus patrones de circulación se traducen en alteraciones en el intercambio de calor y en los patrones espaciales de precipitación (WHOI, 2003). La circulación termohalina (CTH) del norte del Atlántico está determinada por la densidad del agua y es causada por diferencias en su temperatura y salinidad. En el Atlántico Norte, &lt;st1:personname productid="la CTH" w:st="on"&gt;la CTH&lt;/st1:personname&gt; consiste en una corriente superficial de agua cálida que fluye hacia el norte y una corriente profunda de agua fría que fluye hacía el sur. La elevada salinidad de las aguas del Atlántico permite que &lt;st1:personname productid="la CTH" w:st="on"&gt;la CTH&lt;/st1:personname&gt; sea especialmente activa en ese océano (WHOI, 2003), lo que resulta en un transporte neto de calor desde regiones al sur del Atlántico hasta las latitudes más altas del Atlántico Norte (Ganachaud y&lt;span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Wunsch, 2000). En el caso del Pacífico,y a pesar que sus aguas también son frías al norte, no ocurre la formación de aguas profundas debido a que la salinidad es muy baja para permitir una densidad suficientemente elevada que provoque una convección profunda (NRC-CACC, 2002). El mayor calentamiento de las costas europeas en relación con latitudes similares de la costa de Alaska está relacionado al transporte&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"&gt;de calor de &lt;st1:personname productid="la CTH" w:st="on"&gt;la CTH&lt;/st1:personname&gt; (NRC-CACC, 2002). Si parte del agua profunda del Atlántico llegara a la superficie en latitudes menores a las actuales, podría ocurrir una reducción importante de la temperatura atmosférica en las regio nes&lt;span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;templadas y hasta en las tropicales. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"&gt;Debido a la complejidad de las teleconexiones climáticas, aún un cambio localizado de este tipo pudiera tener impactos espacial y temporalmente extensos&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"&gt;(NRC-CACC, 2002). En la actualidad se evalúa la potencialidad de la ocurrencia de un CCA como producto de una posible alteración o colapso de una sección de este transportador oceánico, específicamente de &lt;st1:personname productid="la CTH. Alteraciones" w:st="on"&gt;la CTH. Alteraciones&lt;/st1:personname&gt; en &lt;st1:personname productid="la CTH" w:st="on"&gt;la CTH&lt;/st1:personname&gt; han estado vinculadas a CCAs pasados importantes, como lo fueron, además del &lt;i&gt;Younger Dryas&lt;/i&gt;, las oscilaciones de &lt;i&gt;Dansgaard/Oeschger &lt;/i&gt;y de &lt;i&gt;Heinrich/Bond &lt;/i&gt;(Broecker &lt;i&gt;et al.&lt;/i&gt;, 1988), cuando grandes descargas de agua dulce redujeron la capacidad de las aguas salinas del Atlántico Norte de hundirse y precedieron importantes enfriamientos globales (Broecker &lt;i&gt;et al.&lt;/i&gt;, 1988; Sarnthein &lt;i&gt;et al.&lt;/i&gt;, 1994; Barber &lt;i&gt;et al.&lt;/i&gt;, 1999; Boyle, 2000). Esta y otras evidencias hacen que se deba prestar especial atención a posibles alteraciones en &lt;st1:personname productid="la CTH" w:st="on"&gt;la CTH&lt;/st1:personname&gt; del Atlántico Norte como fuente potencial para la ocurrencia de un CCA. El umbral para la formación de una corriente de agua profunda no puede ser considerado aparte de la circulación general de los océanos, debido a que la densidad que se requiere en la superficie de las aguas del Atlántico Norte para que se sumerjan depende de su relación con la densidad del agua profunda prevaleciente en el resto de los océanos (NRC-CACC, 2002). La salinidad del Atlántico Norte es afectada por el mezclado de aguas atlánticas subtropicales transportadas, cuya salinidad es entonces afectada por vientos tropicales, los cuales pueden sistemáticamente determinar los patrones de precipitación. En conjunto, el balance de agua dulce del Atlántico es afectado no solo por el deshielo de los glaciares producto del calentamiento global sino, además, por alteraciones en las escorrentías de las aguas de precipitación en tierras continentales. Grandes cantidades de agua dulce han sido detectadas en el Atlántico Norte, en una región que se considera especialmente crítica para el funcionamiento de &lt;st1:personname productid="la CTH" w:st="on"&gt;la CTH&lt;/st1:personname&gt; (WHOI, 2003). La eliminación completa de &lt;st1:personname productid="la CTH" w:st="on"&gt;la CTH&lt;/st1:personname&gt; causaría la remoción de 8W/m2 del balance calórico extratropical del hemisferio norte (Pierrehumbert, 2000). Para restaurar este balance, el sistema atmósfera-océano del norte debe enfriarse hasta que la pérdida de radiación infrarroja hacia el espacio sea reducida correspondientemente.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"&gt;Según simulaciones de Seager &lt;i&gt;et al. &lt;/i&gt;(2002), en las que el calor transportado por los océanos es suprimido, la perturbación en el balance calórico implica un enfriamiento extratropical de cerca de &lt;st1:metricconverter productid="4ﾺC" w:st="on"&gt;4ºC&lt;/st1:metricconverter&gt; y el crecimiento de hielo marino amplificaría este enfriamiento.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"&gt;En los modelos de Manabe y Broccoli (1985) y Broccoli y Manabe (1987) un enfriamiento del Atlántico Norte por lo general afecta la fuerza de la circulación tropical de Hadley, lo que conduce a cambios de temperaturas en la sección norte de los trópicos y, más importante aún, a cambios en las precipitaciones. Existen numerosas simulaciones de la respuesta atmosférica a una interrupción de &lt;st1:personname productid="la CTH" w:st="on"&gt;la CTH&lt;/st1:personname&gt; o a perturbaciones de la temperatura de la superficie del mar en el Atlántico Norte.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"&gt;Fawcett &lt;i&gt;et al. &lt;/i&gt;(1997) eliminaron el transporte de calor oceánico nórdico y establecieron reducciones localizadas en la temperatura del aire superficial de hasta &lt;st1:metricconverter productid="24ﾺC" w:st="on"&gt;24ºC&lt;/st1:metricconverter&gt;. Aún con un enfriamiento tan extremo, la perturbación térmica era localizada. Uno de los principales problemas con las teorías basadas en &lt;st1:personname productid="la CTH" w:st="on"&gt;la CTH&lt;/st1:personname&gt; para explicar los eventos &lt;i&gt;Younger Dryas &lt;/i&gt;y &lt;i&gt;Dansgaard/Oeschger &lt;/i&gt;es que los modelos atmosféricos producen un enfriamiento local del Atlántico Norte en respuesta del cierre de &lt;st1:personname productid="la CTH" w:st="on"&gt;la CTH&lt;/st1:personname&gt;, con muy pocas repercusiones globales.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"&gt;De hecho, la atmósfera &lt;i&gt;per se &lt;/i&gt;no parece estar en capacidad de extender eficientemente la influencia de las regiones extratropicales al resto del globo (NRC-CACC, 2002). Los modelos atmosféricos actuales pueden estar obviando procesos físicos de retroalimentación cruciales que permiten a la atmósfera real exhibir respuestas de gran magnitud y extensión a cambios en &lt;st1:personname productid="la CTH. Esto" w:st="on"&gt;la CTH. Esto&lt;/st1:personname&gt; es una posibilidad perturbadora, pues sugiere que los modelos pueden estar fallando al anticipar el riesgo de ocurrencia de CCAs que pudieran estar ocurriendo en conexión con el calentamiento global.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"&gt;En años recientes se ha prestado especial atención a los mecanismos centrados en los trópicos, especialmente en el Pacífico (NRC-CACC, 2002). Los trópicos tienen un papel más decisivo sobre el Atlántico Norte como mediador del cambio global del clima. Debido a la influencia confinadora relativamente débil de la rotación del planeta en las latitudes bajas y al efecto de Coriolis resultante, el efecto de cambios locales en la temperatura de la superficie del mar es transmitido casi instantáneamente a través de la atmósfera a toda la región tropical. Los trópicos generan un patrón de circulación con impactos en las latitudes medias y regiones polares a través de comunicaciones atmosféricas. El sistema atmósde fera-océano tropical ofrece una amplia gama de amplificadores y de interruptores posibles que pueden en principio llevar a un CCA (NRC-CACC, 2002).&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"&gt;La circulación atmosférica dominante en los trópicos son las células de Hadley, con aire caliente ascendente cerca del ecuador, distribuyéndose a altas latitudes y descendiendo en los subtrópicos, retornando a nivel del suelo. Esta circulación tiene un profundo efecto en el vapor de agua tropical, en la nubosidad y en la convección: los bosques húmedos se distribuyen donde las corrientes de aire ascienden y desiertos donde éstas descienden. El efecto de Coriolis sobre el flujo de retorno superficial genera los vientos del este (alisios) y afectan a su vez al océano. La parte superior de la circulación afecta las latitudes medias a través de su influencia en los niveles superiores de la corriente de chorro subtropical.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"&gt;Cambios en la posición de la zona ascendente, o zona de convergencia intertropical (ZCIT) pueden llevar a cambios mayores en la fuerza de la circulación. Los resultados de los modelos sugieren que cambios en las temperaturas del Atlántico Norte asociados a una interrupción de &lt;st1:personname productid="la CTH" w:st="on"&gt;la  CTH&lt;/st1:personname&gt; causarían cambios sustanciales en la circulación Hadley, propagando la influencia de una interrupción de CTH hacia los trópicos (Lindzen y Hou, 1988; Manabe y Stouffer, 1988; Hou y Lindzen, 1992; Fawcett &lt;i&gt;et al.&lt;/i&gt;, 1997) a través de cambios en la dinámica de &lt;st1:personname productid="la ZCIT" w:st="on"&gt;la ZCIT&lt;/st1:personname&gt; que a su vez generan cambios en las precipitaciones tropicales. Cambios en &lt;st1:personname productid="la ZCIT" w:st="on"&gt;la ZCIT&lt;/st1:personname&gt; pueden amplificar una condición de CCA (Clement &lt;i&gt;et al.&lt;/i&gt;, 2000). &lt;st1:personname productid="la ZCIT" w:st="on"&gt;La ZCIT&lt;/st1:personname&gt; es uno de los sistemas meteorológicos más importantes que actúan en los trópicos. En el caso de Venezuela, amplias regiones geográficas presentan un régimen de precipitaciones marcadamente estacional que se debe a la dinámica intra-anual de &lt;st1:personname productid="la ZCIT" w:st="on"&gt;la ZCIT&lt;/st1:personname&gt; (Goldbrunner, 1976; Moreau y Deffit, 1979; Martelo, 2002). Para la región de Los Llanos del Orinoco, alteraciones en &lt;st1:personname productid="la ZCIT" w:st="on"&gt;la ZCIT&lt;/st1:personname&gt; pueden ocasionar interrupciones del tiempo meteorológico que se traducirían en pulsaciones secas o “veranitos” durante la estación húmeda (Freile, 1969; Casarim, 1983). Una afectación en &lt;st1:personname productid="la ZCIT" w:st="on"&gt;la ZCIT&lt;/st1:personname&gt; se traduciría, entonces, en un incremento en la variabilidad interanual de las precipitaciones, en una redistribución intranual de la estación húmeda y quizás hasta una condición relativamente más seca a la actual (Thielen, 2003).&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"&gt;El Niño es una oscilación del sistema acoplado atmósfera-océano y es considerado como una atmósde las principales manifestaciones de variabilidad climática interanual global.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"&gt;Su influencia se extiende fuertemente hasta las regiones extratropicales. ¿Cómo cambiaría El Niño ante un clima abruptamente más cálido o más frío? Existe interés en responder esta pregunta pues se ha detectado un cambio en los eventos del Niño desde principio de los años 1970 (NRC-CACC, 2002). A diferencia de las latitudes medias, fluctuaciones en las temperaturas superficiales del mar en los trópicos causan variaciones importantes en el calentamiento atmosférico, que originan a su vez respuestas poderosas que comunican su influencia al resto del planeta. Cualquier cambio en una parte de los trópicos tiende a afectar la temperatura en la troposfera extratropical debido a su estrecha relación con las circulaciones de Hadley y Walker.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"&gt;Los trópicos son fuertes candidatos como “globalizadores” de los cambios climáticos (NRC-CACC, 2002).&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"&gt;Impactos de un CCA&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"&gt;Desde el punto de vista de impactos y adaptaciones sociales y ecológicas, los CCA pueden considerarse como cambios significativos en el clima relativos a una referencia sobre la cual los sistemas económicos y ecológicos se han desenvuelto en tiempos recientes, pudiendo tener impactos suficientes como para dificultar la adaptabilidad (NRC-CACC, 2002). La magnitud de estos impactos resulta del hecho que los procesos ecológicos y económicos se han adaptado a patrones climáticos específicos y están por ello delimitados por la experiencia (la economía)&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"&gt;y la historia (los ecosistemas). Son abundantes los estudios sobre los impactos potenciales de los cambios climáticos graduales (véanse los informes secuenciales del IPCC) y los estudios de los impactos de la variabilidad climática sobre el ambiente y la sociedad a la escala regional, como los causados por El Niño. Es muy probable que los impactos de los CCAs sean mayores que los más agudos ocurridos bajo un cambio climático gradual. La principal razón para esta diferencia es que los sistemas ecológicos y económicos usualmente se adaptan más fácilmente a los cambios predecibles y graduales.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"&gt;Es probable que sea pequeño el efecto neto de un pequeño cambio climático en la economía de los países desarrollados, con respecto a la economía global.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"&gt;Por otro lado, donde las economías no están en capacidad de adaptarse, los impactos resultantes de CCAs pueden ser muy grandes y pudiera ocurrir un cruce de umbrales si el CCA detona quemas y escasez de agua, o excede los niveles normales de seguridad establecidos por las estructuras y las políticas (NRC-CACC, 2002).&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"&gt;Según los informes del IPCC, los sistemas agrícolas y forestales han demostrado ser sensibles a los cambios graduales y es muy probable que sean aún más vulnerables a los cambios abruptos. Para los sistemas naturales es conocido que los cambios climáticos graduales pueden afectar la distribución de especies, la abundancia de poblaciones, la morfología y la conducta, así como la estructura de comunidades (Easterling &lt;i&gt;et al.&lt;/i&gt;, 2000). Aunque se sabe menos acerca de las relaciones entre procesos climáticos de pequeña y gran escala y los ecosistemas durante extremos en la variabilidad climática, es claro que la estructura y el funcionamiento del ecosistema son afectados por disturbios asociados con eventos climáticos extremos como las inundaciones, tornados y tormentas tropicales (Pickett y White, 1985; Walker y Willing, 1999). Se ha observado un incremento significativo en la actividad de tormentas en la región del Caribe, siendo especialmente alarmantes la frecuencia e intensidad de los eventos en los últimos años. El 2005 fue el año con la temporada de huracanes más intensa de la historia al registrarse 26 ciclones, lo que llevó a recurrir al alfabeto griego, pues la lista de 21 huracanes prevista anualmente por &lt;st1:personname productid="la Organizaci￳n Mundial" w:st="on"&gt;la Organización Mundial&lt;/st1:personname&gt; de Meteorología no fue suficiente. Tres huracanes lograron alcanzar categoría 5, Katrina, Rita y Wilma. Katrina fue el desastre natural más costoso en la historia de los EEUU y Wilma el huracán más intenso del Atlántico desde que se tienen registros.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"&gt;Independientemente de su economía y nivel de desarrollo, la capacidad de contingencia de los países afectados directamente por estos ciclones resultó insuficiente y fue seriamente cuestionada.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"&gt;La ocurrencia de impactos de un CCA es más probable cuando los sistemas económicos y ecológicos cruzan umbrales importantes. Muchos procesos biológicos son alterados a determinados umbrales de temperatura y de precipitación (Precht &lt;i&gt;et al.&lt;/i&gt;, 1973; Easterling &lt;i&gt;et al.&lt;/i&gt;, 2000). Por ejemplo, la fenología de muchas plantas está adaptada a un clima específico y está limitada por parámetros como tolerancia a la sequía o las heladas (Woodward, 1987). Los registros paleológicos señalan que los ecomodelos tonos son particularmente susceptibles a los CCAs, principalmente porque la diversidad de especies es grande y la vegetación está frecuentemente limitada por un fuerte gradiente climático (NRC-CACC, 2002). La regresión de los bosques boreales ecotonales en el este de los EEUU y su reemplazo por otras formaciones vegetales, al final del &lt;i&gt;Younger Dryas&lt;/i&gt;, ocurrió en el lapso de pocas décadas (Peteet, 2000). Registros de polen para los períodos fríos de hace 8200 años en Europa señalan un cambio significativo en la composición de especies en menos de 20 años (Tinner y Lotter, 2001). Más aún, un estrés climático es señalado como la posible causa de decrecimiento histórico de los bosques (Hepting, 1963; Manion, 1991). Por ejemplo, un conjunto de veranos inusualmente cálidos están asociados con desapariciones pasadas de poblaciones de píceas rojas (&lt;i&gt;Picea rubens&lt;/i&gt;) en el este de Norte América (Cook y Johnson, 1989). Thielen (2003) señala que la cobertura de la vegetación de leñosas para Los Llanos del Orinoco puede responder a la dinámica histórica de pulsaciones de años, tanto secos como húmedos, de una forma contingente y significativa.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"&gt;Los estudios paleoclimáticos señalan que los cambios en la biodiversidad están correlacionados con la variabilidad climática. Los CCAs pueden generar tanto un incremento&lt;span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;como una disminución de la diversidad de especies (NRC-CACC, 2002). En todo caso, la desaparición de especies siempre ocurre a una tasa superior a la aparición de especies por evolución. Estudios recientes sugieren que la tasa de extinción de especies es en el orden de &lt;st1:metricconverter productid="100 a" w:st="on"&gt;100 a&lt;/st1:metricconverter&gt; 1000 veces superior que aquella cuando los humanos no tenían el papel de especie dominante (Lawton y May, 1995; Vitousek &lt;i&gt;et al.&lt;/i&gt;, 1997). Por ejemplo, en los últimos dos milenios, un cuarto de todas las especies de aves se han extinguido producto de la actividad del hombre (Olsen, 1989). Este incremento en la extinción de especies se debe en parte a que la misma ocurre en la escala temporal de la economía humana, mientras que la evolución es mucho más lenta, excepto para los microorganismos, incluidos aquellos que ocasionan enfermedades de importancia económica.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"&gt;Impactos en los sistemas humanos&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"&gt;Uno de los impactos discutidos ampliamente en la bibliografía trata sobre aspectos relacionados a la salud pública. Escenarios basados en ecomodelos climáticos que consideran el calentamiento global señalan que ocurrirán cambios en la distribución geográfica de un gran número de enfermedades, entre ellas cólera, malaria, fiebre amarilla, dengue, schistosomiasis, leishmaniasis, etc. Estos cambios serían debidos principalmente a un incremento en las precipitaciones, con mayor disponibilidad de hábitat para vectores, huéspedes intermediarios y reservorios.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"&gt;La dinámica huésped-parásito no ha sido estudiada en detalle para un escenario de CCA, pero Daszak &lt;i&gt;et al. &lt;/i&gt;(2001) sugieren tres fenómenos que señalan que un CCA puede producir un impacto muy importante en las principales enfermedades del hombre: 1) existe una fuerte relación entre El Niño y epidemias de la fiebre de Rift Valley, cólera, hantavirus y otras enfermedades, por lo que una intensificación del fenómeno generará epidemias más extensas y de mayor impacto; 2) la malaria&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"&gt;ha reaparecido en gran cantidad de zonas altas de las regiones tropicales; y 3) eventos climáticos extremos recientes han acelerado irrupciones de diversas enfermedades, como el SARS y la influenza aviar, con potencialidad de alcanzar niveles de pandemia.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"&gt;El impacto económico de las enfermedades emergentes humanas, del ganado y de los cultivos es enorme (USD 41MM/año; Daszak &lt;i&gt;et al&lt;/i&gt;., 2000). El incremento en la aparición de enfermedades producto de un CCA agravaría esta situación. Desde el punto de vista de la salubridad, las sociedades humanas actuales son especialmente vulnerables por su tendencia de habitar en grandes concentraciones urbanas, así como por la facilidad para la propagación de enfermedades por la rapidez con que las personas o los productos agrícolas y de consumo pueden ser trasladados desde puntos geográficos muy distantes.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"&gt;La condición actual de sobrepoblación y de globalización de las interrelaciones de los sistemas humanos también es considerada insostenible desde otros aspectos. Como se&lt;span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;mencionó, los impactos de los CCAs pasados pueden evidenciarse en la evolución histórica de las culturas y sociedades del hombre (NRC-CACC, 2002).&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"&gt;Pero la historia también advierte que, a diferencia del pasado, los impactos de un CCA sobre las sociedades humanas&lt;span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;pueden ser ahora muy dramáticos.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"&gt;Históricamente, el hombre sobrellevaba condiciones económicas y/o ambientales adversas a través de migraciones masivas a regiones más favorables. A lo largo de su historia y hasta mediados del s. XX, las fronteras eran permeables a esas actividades contingentes. Por ejemplo, como resultado de la infestación de &lt;i&gt;Phytophthora infestans &lt;/i&gt;en los cultivos de papa en Irlanda, hubo entre 1845 y 1847 una hambruna desastrosa y más de un millón de personas se vieron forzadas a emigrar, principalmente a los EEUU (NRC-CACC, 2002). Pero en la actualidad las fronteras son menos permeables, dificultando la migración de poblaciones para hacer frente a&lt;span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;condiciones adversas tales como hambrunas o guerras civiles. Esta “impermeabilidad” de las fronteras puede ser particularmente severa para países pequeños o pobres, cuyas poblaciones por lo general no son bienvenidas en los países ricos, cerrando una de las más importantes válvulas de escape, la migración, empleada a lo largo de la historia para hacer frente a los impactos negativos sobre la economía por parte de la variabilidad climática y muy especialmente por parte de los CCAs.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"&gt;Si bien el concepto de capacidad de carga es aplicado al estudio de los sistemas en general, Schwartz y Randall (2003) advierten que son los sistemas humanos los más vulnerables por su condición de sobrepoblación y de globalización de las interacciones. Las poblaciones humanas han alcanzado reiteradamente un límite superior de capacidad de carga en sus sistemas; avances tecnológicos lograron que la capacidad de carga del sistema se incrementara oportunamente, generando una sensación de bienestar suficiente para estimular un incremento contingente de la población.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"&gt;Los conflictos regionales e internacionales actuales, si bien presentan tintes religiosos, ideológicos o patrióticos son, en esencia, una lucha por el acceso a los recursos (energía, agua, biodiversidad).&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"&gt;Esta es clara señal que los sistemas humanos se encuentran nuevamente en el límite superior de su capacidad de carga, y si bien es posible que los avances tecnológicos logren aún un reajuste en ésta, la velocidad de ocurrencia y la magnitud de las implicaciones de un eventual CCA hacen que el acceso a los recursos sea una variable importante en la seguridad de una nación y uno de los&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"&gt;determinantes más importantes para la redefinición de un nuevo orden mundial.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"&gt;Es probable que en los EEUU ya se hayan tomado iniciativas en ese sentido. En primer lugar, su retiro del Tratado de Kyoto pudiera responder a que una reducción de las emisiones de gases de invernadero solo tiene sentido cuando el objetivo es el de atenuar un calentamiento gradual del planeta.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"&gt;Como se señaló, los modelos de simulación indican que un CCA pudiera potencialmente ocasionar un enfriamiento relativo de la temperatura global. Desde&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"&gt;esta perspectiva, para un gobierno y aún para un Estado, no tendría sentido asumir los elevados costos económicos y políticos que representa la reducción de las emisiones de carbono, cuando existe la potencialidad de un CCA. Esta política de Estado estaría termodinámicamente justificada al considerar que siempre es más fácil calentar un planeta que tiende a enfriarse que enfriar uno que tiende a calentarse. Aparte de grupos vinculados al activismo ambiental, las presiones internacionales para que los EEUU se reincorporen al Tratado de Kyoto y prosiga con una estrategia de atenuación de cambio climático gradual han cesado. Un seguimiento por cambios en las políticas energéticas (&lt;i&gt;i.e. &lt;/i&gt;desarrollo vía combustibles fósiles &lt;i&gt;vs &lt;/i&gt;costos ecológicos de las emisiones de carbono) y una posible redefinición de estrategias geopolíticas por parte de otras potencias mundiales podrían confirmar la hipótesis expuesta.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"&gt;Por otra parte, la condición actual de sobrepoblación global con respecto a la disponibilidad de los recursos, hace que una sociedad sea especialmente vulnerable a un CCA cuando sus estrategias de desarrollo presentan una dependencia creciente a recursos cada vez más globalizados espacialmente.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"&gt;Ante un escenario de CCA los EEUU estarían obligados a la adopción de una política internacional de corto plazo, muy activa y de resultados inmediatos. El malestar internacional que genera un Estado en particular por la adopción de una tal estrategia, estaría justificada, según Schwartz y Randall (2003), por el logro de una mitigación real de los efectos de un CCA sobre la capacidad de carga al lograr&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"&gt;garantizar el acceso a los recursos; obviamente, para un sector y no toda la población mundial. Cabe mencionar que estos autores realizan sus consideraciones ante un escenario de CCA con efectos espacialmente globales en el término de 5 años; escenario que, según &lt;st1:personname productid="la NRC-CACC" w:st="on"&gt;la  NRC-CACC&lt;/st1:personname&gt; (2002), es avalado, en buena parte, por las evidencias científicas actuales.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"&gt;Recomendaciones &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"&gt;Partiendo de la premisa que la incertidumbre que existe, y debe existir, en el análisis de los procesos que ocurren en un sistema tan complejo y amplio como el global, y de la precaución que se debe tomar en la interpretación interpretación de las evidencias existentes, sin menoscabo de las consideraciones a que deben estar sujetas las importantes implicaciones de la ocurrencia de un CCA para los sistemas ecológicos, y por la ausencia de experiencias recientes para los humanos, se pueden resumir las siguientes recomendaciones y consideraciones:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"&gt;1. Mejorar la capacidad predictiva de los modelos climáticos. Debe mejorarse el nivel de certidumbre de los procesos, especialmente de aquellos que ocurren por interacciones océano-atmósfera. Es importante la incorporación de una mayor base de datos paleoclimáticos, así como el uso de herramientas estadísticas más poderosas.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"&gt;2. Mejorar los modelos predictivos de los impactos de un CCA. El estudio debe concentrarse en describir cómo sucedieron eventos de CCA pasados para mejorar la capacidad de identificar uno en el presente. Se requiere de estudios que evalúen los impactos ecológicos, económicos, sociales y políticos potenciales de un CCA y que lleven a una mejor comprensión, predicción y mitigación de posibles conflictos regionales e internacionales. Debe prestarse especial atención a los procesos que por una acción local afecten, por efecto “dominó”, un área de importante extensión.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"&gt;3. Crear un sistema de medición de vulnerabilidad. Esto debe hacerse para cada país, y en base a las técnicas agrícolas actualmente empleadas, disponibilidad local de recursos, acceso a la tecnología, cohesión social y adaptabilidad.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"&gt;4. Identificar estrategias sin remordimiento (“no-regret strategies”). Cada país deberá establecer las estrategias que permitan asegurar el acceso a los recursos ante cualquier escenario de cambio.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"&gt;5. Explorar opciones de geoingenería que permitan controlar el clima. Esto llevará a una revalorización de las emisiones antropogénicas de CO2 en respuesta a que ya no se trata de mitigar un calentamiento global gradual sino de ¡calentar ahora un planeta que tenderá a enfriarse!&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"&gt;Consideraciones para &lt;st1:personname productid="la Comunidad Cient￭fica" w:st="on"&gt;&lt;st1:personname productid="la Comunidad" w:st="on"&gt;la Comunidad&lt;/st1:personname&gt; Científica&lt;/st1:personname&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"&gt;La potencial ocurrencia de un CCA, representa un reto para todas las disciplinas de la ciencia. Un primer paso requerirá la evaluación, redefinición, revalorización y hasta la erradicación de muchos de los actuales paradigmas científicos y sociales; el de cambio climático es un paradigma que ya está siendo sujeto a este inevitable&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"&gt;proceso. Desafortunadamente, a lo largo de la historia, la comunidad científica se ha visto aislada o enquistada en&lt;span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;su propio conocimiento y no ha podido o querido exteriorizarlo con la velocidad suficiente y ser competitiva en el ambiente multidimensional en el que operan o pudieran operar realmente los procesos naturales y, en consecuencia, los sociales. Son muchas las implicaciones que genera la adopción de un nuevo paradigma o, al menos, su reevaluación.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"&gt;Cambios en los paradigmas exigen un consenso substancial en la comunidad científica, algo que no se ha logrado hasta el presente por existir formidables obstáculos para ello. El primero es que un nuevo paradigma representa un cambio mayor y la resistencia al cambio es parte de la naturaleza humana. Un factor es un explicable y saludable escepticismo científico donde se requiere de pruebas y que aquellos&lt;span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;involucrados sean convencidos objetivamente, algo básico para el método&lt;span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;científico. Pero existe otro factor aún más potente; los científicos y académicos que han construido sus carreras y reputaciones alrededor de un viejo paradigma se resisten al cambio. Muchos tienen una inversión profesional y psicológica en el &lt;i&gt;statu quo &lt;/i&gt;y, consecuentemente, ven los cambios como una amenaza o repudio a sus trabajos de investigación. Aunque se supone que la ciencia opera de forma objetiva, individualmente los científicos pueden proceder de una forma bastante subjetiva, por lo que lograr un consenso ante un nuevo paradigma, o la reformulación de uno preexistente, no será tarea fácil.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"&gt;Pero ¿de cuánto tiempo se dispone realmente para entender los procesos?, ¿cuáles son los escenarios reales de cambio, su dirección y magnitud?, ¿de cuánto tiempo dispondría la comunidad científica, en cada caso, para generar el conocimiento necesario que ayude a las sociedades a enfrentar sus efectos? Estas preguntas no han tenido la atención inmediata de la ciencia, que ha marchado a su propio ritmo y al de cada una de sus disciplinas.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"&gt;Sin duda, de ocurrir un CCA, sus implicaciones obligarían a los “decision makers” a actuar en consecuencia, y no esperarían por un consenso en la opinión científica.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"&gt;Agradecimientos&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"&gt;Los autores expresan su gratitud a los colegas del Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas (IVIC) y del Instituto de Ciencias Ambientales y Ecológicas (ICAE) de &lt;st1:personname productid="la Universidad" w:st="on"&gt;la Universidad&lt;/st1:personname&gt; de Los Andes (ULA), por sus acertados comentarios y observaciones. Los temas discutidos fueron presentados en los ciclos de conferencias del RICAS-Venezuela, Facultad de Ciencias, ULA, eventos financiados por el IAI (CRN-040) y por el FONACIT (Agenda Biodiversidad Nº 98003404).&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"&gt;REFERENCIAS&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: &amp;quot;Arial Narrow&amp;quot;; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: ES;"&gt;&lt;br clear="all" style="mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: auto;" /&gt; &lt;/span&gt;  &lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"&gt;Alley RB, Clark PU (1999) The deglaciation of the Northern Hemisphere: A global perspective.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"&gt;Annu. &lt;st1:street w:st="on"&gt;&lt;st1:address w:st="on"&gt;Rev.   Earth Pl.&lt;/st1:address&gt;&lt;/st1:street&gt; Sc. 27&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"&gt;: 149-&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"&gt;182.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"&gt;Barber DC, Dyke A, Hillaire-Marcel C, Jennings AE, Andrews JT, Kerwin MW, Bilodeau G, McNeely R, Southon J, Morchead MD, Gagnon JM (1999) Forcing of the cold event of 8,200 years ago by catastrophic&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"&gt;drainage of Laurentide lakes. &lt;i&gt;Nature&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"&gt;400&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"&gt;: 344-348.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"&gt;Boyle EA (2000) Is ocean thermohaline circulation linked to abrupt stadial/interstadial transitions? &lt;i&gt;Quaternary Sci. Rev. 19&lt;/i&gt;: 255-&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"&gt;272.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"&gt;Broccoli JA, Manabe S (1987) The influence of continental ice, atmospheric CO2, and land albedo on the climate of the last glacial&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"&gt;maximum. &lt;i&gt;Clim. Dynam. &lt;/i&gt;1: 87-99.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"&gt;Broecker WS (1997) Thermoaline circulation, the Achilles heel of our climate system:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"&gt;Will man-made CO2 upset the current balance?&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"&gt;Science 278&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"&gt;: 1582-1588.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"&gt;Broecker WS, Andree M, Wolfli W, Oeschger&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"&gt;H, Bonani G, Kennett J, Petter D (1988)&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"&gt;The chronology of the last deglaciation: Implications to the cause of the &lt;i&gt;Younger Dryas &lt;/i&gt;event. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"&gt;Paleoceanography 3&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"&gt;: 1-19.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"&gt;Capel-Molina JJ (1999) &lt;i&gt;El Niño y el sistema climático terrestre. &lt;/i&gt;Ariel. Barcelona, España. 154 pp.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"&gt;Casarim DP (1983) &lt;i&gt;Um estudo observacional sobre os sistemas de bloqueio no hemisfério sul. &lt;/i&gt;INPE. São José dos Campos, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"&gt;Brasil. 69 pp.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"&gt;Clement AC, Seager R, Cane MA (2000) Suppression of El Niño during the mid-Holocene by changes in the Earth’s orbit. &lt;i&gt;Paleoceanography15&lt;/i&gt;: 731-737.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"&gt;Cook ER, Johnson AH (1989) Climate change and forest decline: A review of the red spruce case. &lt;i&gt;Water Air Soil Poll. 48&lt;/i&gt;: 127-140.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"&gt;Daszak P, Cunningham AA, Hyatt AD (2000) Conservation conundrum - Response. &lt;i&gt;Science 288&lt;/i&gt;: 2320.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"&gt;Daszak P, Cunningham AA, Hyatt AD (2001) Anthropogenic environmental change and the emergence of infectious diseases in wildlife. &lt;i&gt;Acta Trop. 78&lt;/i&gt;: 103-116.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"&gt;Easterling DR, Mechl GA, Parmesan C, Changnon SA, Karl TR, Mearns LO (2000) Climate extremes: Observations, modeling, and impacts. &lt;i&gt;Science 289&lt;/i&gt;: 2068-2074.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-
